. 2021 Mar 31;22(1):22.1.54. doi: 10.1128/jmbe.v22i1.2457

TABLE 8.

Comparison of intersectionality of 1) URM First-Generation and URM Continuing students and 2) non-URM First-Generation and non-URM Continuing students in response to survey questions focused on experience with remote learning (1–6), balancing home and school responsibilities (7–13) and financial challenges (14–19).

Survey Question	URM				Non-URM
Survey Question	1st-Gen (n = 234)	Continuing (n = 172)	Z-score	p value	1st-Gen (n = 86)	Continuing (n = 345)	Z-score	p value
1. My transition to remote learning was easy	2.12 ± 0.06	2.15 ± 0.06	−0.747	0.455	2.20 ± 0.08	2.31 ± 0.04	−1.336	0.182

2. I am satisfied with remote instruction	2.43 ± 0.05	2.46 ± 0.05	−0.550	0.583	2.40 ± 0.07	2.46 ± 0.04	−0.662	0.508

3. Remote instruction increased my workload	2.88 ± 0.05	2.83 ± 0.06	−0.716	0.474	2.85 ± 0.09^a	2.66 ± 0.04^a	−2.104 ^a	0.035 ^a

4. Remote instruction reduces my ability to succeed	2.81 ± 0.05	2.91 ± 0.06	−1.018	0.309	2.95 ± 0.08	2.87 ± 0.04	−0.754	0.451

5. Access to technology reduces my ability to participate in remote instruction	2.44 ± 0.06^a	2.09 ± 0.07^a	−3.918^a	0.000^a	2.31 ± 0.10^a	1.84 ± 0.04^a	−4.385 ^a	0.000 ^a

6. Remote instruction during COVID increased my interest in taking more remote classes	2.08 ± 0.06^a	1.85 ± 0.06^a	−2.293^a	0.022^a	2.07 ± 0.10	2.00 ± 0.05	−0.625	0.532

7. I work more (e.g., employment) now than before COVID-19.	2.33 ± 0.06	2.16 ± 0.06	−1.887	0.059	2.15 ± 0.09	2.09 ± 0.04	−0.687	0.492

8. I have less time to devote to my schoolwork	2.67 ± 0.06	2.52 ± 0.07	−1.781	0.075	2.62 ± 0.10^a	2.22 ± 0.04^a	−3.835^a	0.000^a

9. I have less ability to focus on my schoolwork	3.46 ± 0.05	3.42 ± 0.06	−0.512	0.608	3.38 ± 0.08	3.29 ± 0.04	−0.571	0.568

10. I live with other students engaged in remote learning (Yes=1, No=2)	1.38 ± 0.03	1.35 ± 0.04	−0.419	0.675	1.48 ± 0.05	1.48 ± 0.03	−0.022	0.983

11. I help my siblings or other members of my household with remote learning	2.97 ± 0.06^a	2.64 ± 0.08^a	−3.296^a	0.001 ^a	2.67 ± 0.11^a	2.19 ± 0.05^a	−3.850^a	0.000^a

12. It is harder for me to balance schoolwork with my household responsibilities	3.19 ± 0.06^a	3.02 ± 0.06^a	−2.209^a	0.027^a	3.08 ± 0.10^a	2.76 ± 0.05^a	−3.210^a	0.001^a

13. My living situation limits my ability to participate in remote instruction	2.71 ± 0.06^a	2.40 ± 0.07^a	−3.435^a	0.001^a	2.68 ± 0.10^a	2.20 ± 0.05^a	−4.294^a	0.000^a

14. Prior to COVID-19 my family was financially secure	2.74 ± 0.04^a	3.13 ± 0.05^a	−5.739^a	0.000^a	2.79 ± 0.07^a	3.32 ± 0.04^a	−6.363^a	0.000^a

15. My household has financial resources to cover expenses for the next 2–3 months	2.46 ± 0.05^a	2.95 ± 0.06^a	−5.967^a	0.000^a	2.36 ± 0.10^a	3.12 ± 0.04^a	−6.890^a	0.000^a

16. My family has health insurance (Yes=1, No=2)	1.32 ± 0.03^a	1.09 ± 0.02^a	−5.494^a	0.000^a	1.15 ± 0.04^a	1.04 ± 0.01^a	−3.744^a	0.000^a

17. My access to quality food was better at school	2.90 ± 0.06^a	2.71 ± 0.07^a	−2.090^a	0.037^a	2.89 ± 0.10^a	2.66 ± 0.05^a	−2.183^a	0.029^a

18. How COVID-19 impacted food avail ability in your household (Decrease=1, No Change=2, Increase=3)	1.77 ± 0.04^a	1.88 ± 0.04^a	−1.944^a	0.052^a	1.86 ± 0.07	1.92 ± 0.03	−1.068	0.286

19. How COVID-19 impacted food quality in your household (Decrease=1, No Change=2, Increase=3)	1.67 ± 0.04^a	1.82 ± 0.04^a	−2.932^a	0.003^a	1.64 ± 0.06^a	1.83 ± 0.02^a	−3.305 ^a	0.001 ^a

Except where noted, means are reported where 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, and 4=strongly agree. Differences in response distributions was determined using a 2-tailed Mann-Whitney test, using a significance threshold of 0.05; all significant comparisons are in bold.

Negative outcomes.