TABLE 1.

Overview of surveys and questions administered using the Qualtrics survey system.^a

Engagement Construct	Student Parameter Measured	Survey or Question Used	Number of Questions	Format	Example Question
Behavior	Meetings with professor	“How often did you meet with professors outside of class time?	1	5-point Likert Scale: 0 = Never, 1 = Once a semester, 2 = 1–2 times a month, 3 = Once a week, 4 = _More than once a week	See Questions Used
	Participation in class	“How often did you participate in class discussions?”	1
	Study group	“How often did you study with other students outside of class time?”	1
Cognitive	Self-Efficacy	General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) (43)	10	5-point Likert Scale: 1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Somewhat disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Somewhat agree, 5 = Strongly agree	“I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort.”
	Sense of Belonging	Ingram Sense of Belonging survey (44)	20		“I would find it easy to join study groups with other students if I wanted to.”
Emotional	Attitude	Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science (CLASS) (45)	14		“I think about the science I experience in everyday life.”
	Value	Papanastasiou survey (46)	8		“The skills I have acquired in this class will be helpful to me in the future.”
	Stress	Papanastasiou survey (46)	8		“This class is stressful.”

^aAll surveys were combined into one for ease of student participation.