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. 2021 Mar 10;592(7854):403–408. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03323-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — We compare the average country learning outcomes in the latest available year from our database to the latest expected years of schooling in a given country. For example, in Zambia (9.2, 301.4) the average child can expect to receive 9.2 years of schooling and achieve learning outcomes of 301.4. The data in this figure include expected years of schooling from the World Bank Human Capital Index based on data compiled by UNESCO²⁵. Primary learning outcomes are from our database. Both measures take the data in the latest year available.