Table 1.
Overview of different plant states or stimuli that plants respond to, which may correlate with dynamics in future stress conditions.
| Plant state or stimulus | Example | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| a. Plant intrinsic state | ||
| Intra-generational | ||
| Architecture | Apical stem bending alters susceptibility to aphids and gall-forming herbivores in late goldenrod (Solidago altissima) | [30] |
| Biomass | Leaf biomass determines leaf-chewing insect abundance across tropical forest host species | [70] |
| Chemical composition | Insect community structure covaries with host plant chemistry in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) | [71] |
| Ontogenetic state | Floral volatiles attract specialist herbivores in the Cucurbita genus | [72] |
| Transgenerational | ||
| Seed composition | Parental stress directly affects the metabolome of seeds in thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) | [73] |
| Seed germination | Regulation of seed dormancy following maternal herbivory in Arabidopsis thaliana | [74] |
| Trait plasticity | Abiotic stress enhances competitive ability of progeny in lady’s thumb (Polygonum persicaria) | [75] |
| b. External cues or stressors | ||
| Abiotic | ||
| Photoperiod | Light quality affects flavonoid production in wheel wingnut (Cyclocarya paliurus) | [76] |
| Altered photoperiod induces stress in Arabidopsis thaliana | [77] | |
| Temperature | Heat stress alters shock - factor - responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana | [78] |
| Rapid and gradual decreases in temperature trigger different pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana | [79] | |
| Fire induced heat alleviates dormancy across grassland species in South-Eastern Australia | [80] | |
| Salinity | Salinity reduces the capacity of the photosynthetic system in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) | [81] |
| Touch | Rapid leaflet-closure responses to mechanical stimulation in Mimosa pudica | [38] |
| Obstacle avoidance by self-inhibition in pea (Pisum sativum) | [82] | |
| Vibrations | Sound vibrations increase expression of genes related to mechanical stimulation in Arabidopsis thaliana | [83] |
| Wind | Air flow increases height, while stem flexure reduces height in common sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) | [84] |
| Gravitropism | Gravity reception is used to regulate organ straightening and plant posture in Arabidopsis thaliana | [85] |
| Humidity gradients | Hydrotropism is regulated by auxin and abscisic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana | [86] |
| Abiotic | ||
| Chemicals in atmosphere | Ozone modifies plant responses to biotic stresses in charlock mustard (Sinapis arvensis) | [87] |
| Smoke and ash induce germination across functional groups in Northern European heathlands | [88] | |
| Chemicals in soil | Root tip contact with low-phosphate media reprograms plant root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana | [89] |
| Biotic | ||
| Mycelia | Common mycelial networks warn neighbouring plants of aphid attack in faba bean (Vicia faba) | [90] |
| Bioacoustics | Flowers respond to pollinator sound by increasing nectar sugar concentration in the evening primrose (Oenothera drummondii) | [91] |
| Volatiles | Volatiles from damaged neighbours increase resistance against herbivores across plant species | [92] |
| The parasitic plant fiveangled dodder (Cuscuta pentagona) exhibits directed growth toward volatiles of the potential plant host | [93] | |
| Non-volatile exudates | Root-secreted JA is involved in neighbour detection and plant-plant communication in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) | [94] |
| Herbivore damage | Specific tobacco hawk moth (Manduca sexta) elicitor shows highly specialised herbivore-detection system in solanaceous plants | [95] |
| Vibrations | Vibrations caused by insect feeding elicit chemical defences in Arabidopsis thaliana | [96] |
| Herbivore oviposition | Oviposition by Leptinotarsa decemlineata beetles causes hypersensitivity and egg drop in Solanum spp. | [97] |
| Leaf contact cues associated with oviposition by the large cabbage white (Pieris brassicae) arrest parasitoids in black mustard (Brassica nigra) | [98] | |
| Herbivore excretion | Proteins from fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda) frass induces wound-responsive defense genes in maize (Zea mays) | [99] |
| Exogenous honeydew deposition by pea aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum alters JA and SA accumulation in Vicia faba | [100] | |
| Antagonist interactions | Barley yellow dwarf virus alters likelihood of herbivory by bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) in Triticum aestivum | [101] |
| Herbivore damage increases attraction of generalist herbivores in creeping cucumber (Solena amplexicaulis) | [102] | |
| Induced plant responses attract oviposition by the specialist small cabbage whites (Pieris rapae) in radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) | [103] | |
| Order of herbivore arrival influences subsequent community development in Brassica oleracea | [13] | |
| Infection with Pseudomonas spp. bacteria in leaves predicts prevalence and damage by Scaptomyza flava | [48] |