Table 3.

Types of cardiac abnormalities in 35 children/adolescents with COVID-19 who developed cardiac injury in the included case reports/series and the cohort study without control.

Condition	Specific/additional complications	N = 35	Age	Comorbidity	Identification method	Treatment	Outcome	Study
Myocarditis N = 29	–	1 M	38 days	None	Elevated Troponin and CMR	NR	Recovered	Del Barba et al. [23]
		1 F	2 months	None	Elevated Troponin T and TTE	Antibiotics, IVg	Recovered	Giacomet et al. [23]
		1 M	16 years	None	Elevated Troponin I and ECG	Antiviral, aspirin, HCQ, NSAID	Recovered	Genecchi et al. [25]
		20 (10 M, 10F)	2.9–15 years	None	Elevated Troponin, ECG and TTE	Dobutamine, epinephrine, HFOT, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IMV, inotropes, intubation, IVIg, milrinone, NIV, norepinephrine, steroids, tocilizumab	Recovered	Grimaud et al. [27]
		1 M	8 years	None	Elevated Troponin T, TTE and CMR	Antibiotics, anticoagulant, dobutamine, IVIg, milrinone, oxygen support, tocilizumab	Recovered	Oberweis et al. [32]
	Kawasaki disease like symptoms	4	6–12 years	None	Elevated Troponin I and/or CMR/TTE	Aspirin, HFOT, IMV, IVIg, steroids, vasoactive agents, volume expanders	Recovered	Blondiaux et al. [20]
		1 M	5 years	None	TTE	Antibiotics, ACEi, diuretics, inotropic support, IVIg, HFOT, steroids	Recovered	Rauf et al. [34]
Kawasaki disease like symptoms only N = 1	–	1 F	11 years	None	Elevated Troponin and TTE	Antivirals, convalescent plasma, enoxaparin, IVIg, milrinone, norepinephrine, vitamin K, steroids, tocilizumab, vitamin K	Recovered	Greene et al. [26]
Other types of cardiac Injury N = 5	–	1 M	2 months	None	Elevated Troponin	IFN inhalation	Recovered	Cai et al. [21]
		1 M	16 years	Non-CVDa	Elevated Troponin T and TTE	Epinephrine, hydrocortisone, HCQ, milrinone, IV fluids	Recovered	Latimer et al. [30]
	MODS	2 (F,M)	10, 14 months	Non-CVDa	Not specified	Ribavirin, blood purification IFN inhalation, IMV, IV, IVIg, Methylprednisone, O2 support	1 Died 1 Recovered	Cai et al. [21]
	RV Failure and cardiogenic shock	1	6 months	Non-CVDa	Elevated Troponin I, ECG and TTE	Antibiotics, anticoagulants, HCQ, IMV, milirinone, norepinephrine, tocilizumab	Recovered	Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al. [33]

ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; CVD: Cardiovascular diseases; ECMO: Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation; HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine, HFOT: High Flow Oxygen Therapy; N: Number of patients; NR: Not reported; CMR: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Therapy; CT: Computed Tomography; ECG: Electrocardiography; ECHO: echocardiogram; IVIg: Intravenous Immunoglobulin; MODS: Multisystem Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; NIV: Non-Invasive Ventilation; NSAID: Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs; N: Number of patients; NR: Not reported; RV: Right Ventricle; TTE: Transthoracic Echocardiography.

^aAll comorbidities are listed in Supplementary Table 3.