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. 2021 Apr 14;11:8130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87341-5

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Mean temporal NDVI across the Mangrove Bay site is highest in the centre of the mangrove stand, proximal to the lagoon entrance, where (b) standard deviation of mean NDVI is lowest. Spatial clustering of high standard deviation of mean NDVI is apparent in the northern section, at the edge of the mangrove canopy. This area (blue outline represents area of insets c–e) in the aerial images shows examples (red box) of canopy thinning and regrowth across the study period observed at the site. NDVI values correspond to the average values of the entire mangrove region (the whole site) for that year. Dieback of trees can be seen from the photo (f) which was captured on site in June 2014 adjacent to this section of the stand (indicated by purple circle in (e). Aerial imagery provided by WA Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. For larger version (c) see SI10.