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. 2021 Apr 14;11:8168. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87658-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Combination of collagen I and smaller topography size resulted in improving cellular spreading and growth. (A) MCEC were seeded on collagen I coated glass and 4 different silk topographies; flat, 2000 nm, 1000 nm and 800 nm ridge width pattern. Phase-contrast images were taken at 5-day time point. (B) Quantification of cell number demonstrated that collagen I coating improved cell spreading and growth when compared to previous experiments. Silk films were better than glass and the smallest ridge width 800 nm showed the highest cell number (* indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.005, ***indicates p < 0.0005. Values are means ± S.E.M. The arrow indicates the direction of pattern axis).