Table 3.
Risk of various myopia among different types of DM and the control cohort.
| Control (n = 71,076) |
Type 1 DM (n = 2,174) |
Type 2 DM (n = 33,364) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|
| Low myopia | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 2.70 (2.22, 3.28)*** | 1.45 (1.32, 1.58)*** |
| Main model† | 1.00 | 2.73 (2.24, 3.32)*** | 1.66 (1.51, 1.82)*** |
| Subgroup effects | |||
| Age, years | |||
| 0–39 | 1.00 | 4.11 (2.96, 5.71)*** | 1.81 (1.33, 2.47)*** |
| 40–59 | 1.00 | 1.88 (1.41, 2.50)*** | 1.72 (1.55, 1.91)*** |
| ≥ 60 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.18, 2.92) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.29) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.00 | 2.95 (2.21, 3.93)*** | 1.44 (1.24, 1.67)*** |
| Male | 1.00 | 2.55 (1.94, 3.35)*** | 1.83 (1.62, 2.07)*** |
| Cataract | |||
| Without | 1.00 | 3.07 (2.49, 3.78)*** | 1.82 (1.65, 2.01)*** |
| With | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.63, 2.00) | 0.71 (0.53, 0.95)* |
| High myopia | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.39, 1.97) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) |
| Main model† | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.37, 1.88) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.37) |
| Subgroup effects | |||
| Age, years | |||
| 0–39 | 1.00 | – | – |
| 40–59 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.38, 2.29) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.36) |
| ≥ 60 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.12, 6.71) | 1.02 (0.51, 2.04) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.29, 2.97) | 1.10 (0.75, 1.61) |
| Male | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.24, 2.38) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.47) |
| Cataract | |||
| Without | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.41, 3.00) | 1.31 (0.97, 1.78) |
| With | 1.00 | 0.42 (0.10, 1.78) | 0.57 (0.35, 0.94)* |
| Low/high myopia/astigmatism | |||
| Un-adjust | 1.00 | 2.47 (2.06, 2.97)*** | 1.45 (1.33, 1.57)*** |
| Main model† | 1.00 | 2.49 (2.06, 3.00)*** | 1.60 (1.47, 1.75)*** |
| Subgroup effects | |||
| Age, years | |||
| 0–39 | 1.00 | 3.94 (2.85, 5.44)*** | 1.84 (1.36, 2.48)*** |
| 40–59 | 1.00 | 1.80 (1.38, 2.35)*** | 1.67 (1.52, 1.83)*** |
| ≥ 60 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.31, 2.30) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.00 | 2.69 (2.05, 3.53)*** | 1.42 (1.24, 1.62)*** |
| Male | 1.00 | 2.33 (1.80, 3.03)*** | 1.76 (1.57, 1.97)*** |
| Cataract | |||
| Without | 1.00 | 2.94 (2.41, 3.60)*** | 1.79 (1.63, 1.96)*** |
| With | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.54, 1.56) | 0.76 (0.60, 0.97)* |
CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio.
* < 0.5, *** < 0.001.
†The main model is adjusted for age, sex, CCI, HF, AMI, stroke, ischemic heart disease, angina, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, renal failure, chronic liver disease, COPD, cataract, level of urbanization, monthly income, and residence.