Table 3.

Treatments and outcomes in symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases.

	Symptomatic COVID-19		Asymptomatic COVID-19
Items	With pneumonia	Without pneumonia	With pneumonia	Without pneumonia	p-value
	(n = 430)	(n = 31)	(n = 23)	(n = 14)
Treatments
Antiviral therapy	420 (97.7)	31 (100)	23 (100)	13 (92.9)	0.865
Abidol	200 (46.5)	16 (51.6)	14 (60.9)	6 (42.9)	0.543
Lopinavir/ritonavir	310 (72.1)	24 (77.4)	10 (43.5)*	8 (57.1)	0.022
Interferon	259 (60.2)	24 (77.4)	14 (60.9)	8 (57.1)	0.295
Ribavirin	44 (10.2)	2 (6.5)	2 (8.7)	1 (7.1)	0.876
Chloroquine phosphate	53 (12.3)	2 (6.5)	4 (17.4)	2 (14.3)	0.635
Antibiotic therapy	233 (54.2)*	11 (35.5)	7 (30.4)*	3 (21.4)*	0.004
Administration of corticosteroids	124 (28.8)*	2 (6.5)*	0 (0)*	0 (0)*	<0.001
Non-invasive mechanical ventilation	18 (4.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.121
Invasive mechanical ventilation	11 (2.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.229
ECMO	7 (1.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.339
CRRT	9 (2.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.278
Clinical outcomes
Severe cases	61 (14.2)*	3 (9.7)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.011
Critical cases (admission to ICU)	46 (10.7)*	1 (3.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.019
ARDS	18 (4.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.121
Death	3 (0.7)	0	0	0	0.533
Duration of viral shedding, days	14.0 (9.0–21.0)	15.0 (8.8–23.8)	13.0 (7.0–19.0)	13.0 (8.3–17.8)	0.524
Duration of hospitalization, days	16.0 (11.5–24.0)	16.0 (10.0–23.0)	16.0 (11.0–22.0)	12.0 (8.8–17.0)*	0.234

Values are presented as median (IQR) or number (percentage).

^*p < 0.05 compared with other groups combined; p-values were compared by Kruskal–Wallis test, χ² test, Fisher exact test, or one-way analysis of variance.

ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit.