Table 3.
Mean difference in perceived stress between genders, according to sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health factors.
| M | F | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean PSS | SD | N | Mean PSS | SD | p-value | CI 95% | |
| Total | 245 | 10.71 | 6.1 | 150 | 13.11 | 6.5 | <0.001 | 1.17–3.73 |
| Age groups | ||||||||
| 19–39 | 116 | 10.50 | 5.80 | 91 | 13.30 | 6.37 | 0.002 | 1.24–4.47 |
| 40–59 | 100 | 10.82 | 6.41 | 56 | 12.71 | 6.39 | 0.069 | −0.22–4.01 |
| ≥60 | 29 | 11.14 | 6.80 | 3 | 17.33 | 10.02 | 0.182 | −2.55–14.94 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 4 | 9.50 | 7.00 | 3 | 17.67 | 4.16 | 0.060 | −3.67–20.00 |
| Elementary school | 16 | 11.81 | 6.92 | 12 | 14.25 | 6.94 | 0.296 | −3.00–7.88 |
| Middle school | 159 | 10.93 | 6.26 | 81 | 13.65 | 6.34 | 0.002 | 1.03–4.42 |
| High school | 64 | 9.97 | 5.79 | 49 | 11.71 | 6.77 | 0.152 | −0.60–4.09 |
| University | 2 | 10.00 | 1.41 | 5 | 12.40 | 5.86 | 0.690 | −8.95–13.75 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Unmarried | 75 | 11.12 | 5.72 | 34 | 13.53 | 7.13 | 0.158 | −0.13–4.95 |
| Married | 161 | 10.61 | 6.38 | 100 | 12.83 | 6.54 | 0.004 | 0.61–3.84 |
| Divorced/widowed | 9 | 9.00 | 5.79 | 16 | 13.94 | 4.97 | 0.030 | 0.40–9.48 |
| Children (n) | ||||||||
| 0 | 78 | 11.38 | 5.58 | 35 | 14.23 | 6.84 | 0.067 | 0.43–5.26 |
| 1–2 | 108 | 10.69 | 6.79 | 59 | 11.98 | 6.64 | 0.170 | −0.86–3.45 |
| ≥3 | 59 | 9.85 | 5.63 | 56 | 13.59 | 6.08 | <0.001 | 1.58–5.91 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Yes | 101 | 10.93 | 6.85 | 39 | 14.03 | 6.06 | 0.005 | 0.62–5.57 |
| No | 139 | 10.58 | 5.70 | 108 | 12.77 | 6.61 | 0.012 | 0.64–3.73 |
| Ex | 5 | 9.60 | 3.29 | 3 | 13.33 | 10.02 | 0.416 | −7.66–15.13 |
| Comorbidities (including obesity) | ||||||||
| 0 | 170 | 10.52 | 6.17 | 108 | 13.73 | 6.58 | <0.001 | 0.99–3.71 |
| ≥1 | 75 | 11.13 | 6.14 | 42 | 11.50 | 6.11 | >0.999 | −0.21–8.26 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| <18.5 | 4 | 13.00 | 6.98 | 7 | 12.86 | 6.74 | 0.927 | −9.82–9.53 |
| 18.5–24.99 | 100 | 10.44 | 5.54 | 73 | 12.89 | 6.13 | 0.013 | 0.69–4.21 |
| 25–29.99 | 92 | 10.35 | 6.72 | 38 | 15.55 | 6.88 | <0.001 | 2.62–7.88 |
| ≥30 | 49 | 11.73 | 6.23 | 32 | 10.75 | 6.15 | 0.515 | −3.79–1.82 |
| Blood pressure | ||||||||
| Systolic ≥140 mmHg | 48 | 10.67 | 6.54 | 14 | 13.57 | 7.11 | 0.095 | −1.15–6.96 |
| Systolic <140 mmHg | 197 | 10.72 | 6.08 | 136 | 13.06 | 6.47 | <0.001 | 0.97–3.71 |
| Diastolic ≥90 | 53 | 10.81 | 6.18 | 17 | 13.29 | 7.19 | 0.161 | −1.10–6.06 |
| Diastolic <90 | 192 | 10.68 | 6.16 | 133 | 13.08 | 6.45 | <0.001 | 1.01–3.80 |
| QTc | ||||||||
| Normal | 235 | 10.64 | 6.18 | 147 | 13.10 | 6.57 | <0.001 | 1.15–3.77 |
| Borderline/Long | 10 | 12.30 | 5.50 | 3 | 13.67 | 2.08 | >0.999 | −5.95–8.69 |
| Glucose | ||||||||
| ≥100 mg/dL | 41 | 10.59 | 6.43 | 12 | 13.83 | 5.87 | 0.126 | −0.91–7.41 |
| <100 mg/dL | 204 | 10.73 | 6.12 | 138 | 13.04 | 6.58 | <0.001 | 0.95–3.68 |
Bold values indicate significant results.