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. 2021 Apr 14;11:8170. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87571-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cell sheet contraction increases actual cytokine production by hUC-MSCs. Human VEGF secretion was increased (a) 2.1-fold per hUC-MSC in 3D cell sheets compared to 2D monolayers cultured for 24 h. (b) The hUC-MSC proliferation rate during this time course was significantly higher in 2D monolayers compared to 3D cell sheets. Values are means ± SE (n = 3: *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001).