Table 2.
Between-group comparisons across orthostatic hypotension.
| no-OH (n = 104) | Delayed OH (n = 64) | Classical OH (n = 117) | Test statistics (F or χ2) | P-value | Post hoc analysis | P for linear trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UPDRS, total | Mean ± SEM | 21.4 ± 1.1 | 20.7 ± 1.5 | 26.4 ± 1.1 | 6.44 | 0.002 | a < c**, b < c** | 0.002 |
| UPDRS Part I | Mean ± SEM | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 2.67 | 0.071 | 0.030 | |
| UPDRS Part II | Mean ± SEM | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 5.44 | 0.005 | a < c**, b < c* | 0.003 |
| UPDRS Part III | Mean ± SEM | 14.9 ± 0.8 | 13.9 ± 1.1 | 17.9 ± 0.8 | 4.96 | 0.008 | a < c*, b < c* | 0.013 |
| Supine SBP | Mean ± SEM | 126.4 ± 1.6 | 128.4 ± 2.0 | 134.1 ± 1.6 | 5.97 | 0.003 | a < c** | 0.001 |
| Supine DBP | Mean ± SEM | 73.9 ± 0.9 | 74.8 ± 1.2 | 76.3 ± 0.9 | 1.51 | 0.222 | 0.085 | |
| Orthostatic ∆SBP | Mean ± SEM | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 14.7 ± 1.0 | 27.6 ± 0.8 | 174.87 | <0.001 | a < b < c *** | <0.001 |
| Orthostatic ∆DBP | Mean ± SEM | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.5 | 126.86 | <0.001 | a < b < c *** | <0.001 |
| Nocturnal hypertension | n (%) | 46 (44.2) | 33 (51.6) | 75 (64.1) | 8.96 | 0.011 | – | 0.003 |
| Non-dipper | n (%) | 38 (36.5) | 31 (48.4) | 69 (59.0) | 11.10 | 0.004 | – | 0.001 |
| Early H/M ratio | Mean ± SEM | 1.68 ± 0.03 | 1.53 ± 0.04 | 1.51 ± 0.03 | 9.87 | <0.001 | a > b**, a > c*** | <0.001 |
| Delayed H/M ratio | Mean ± SEM | 1.67 ± 0.04 | 1.50 ± 0.05 | 1.46 ± 0.03 | 10.27 | <0.001 | a > b**, a > c*** | <0.001 |
| Questionnaire | No-OHa (n = 68) | Delayed OHb (n = 38) | Classical OHc (n = 71) | – | – | – | – | |
| NMSS total | Mean ± SEM | 30.2 ± 4.5 | 33.9 ± 6.1 | 47.1 ± 4.6 | 3.53 | 0.032 | a < c* | 0.011 |
| PDQ39 SI | Mean ± SEM | 13.1 ± 1.4 | 12.0 ± 1.9 | 15.8 ± 1.4 | 1.46 | 0.234 | – | 0.194 |
| OHQ Part I | Mean ± SEM | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 8.5 ± 1.0 | 1.96 | 0.144 | – | 0.065 |
| OHQ Part II | Mean ± SEM | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 1.5 | 8.7 ± 1.1 | 3.74 | 0.026 | a < c* | 0.013 |
| MADRS sum | Mean ± SEM | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 2.25 | 0.109 | 0.048 | |
| RBDSQ | Mean ± SEM | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 3.79 | 0.025 | a < c* | 0.011 |
Values are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), unless otherwise indicated.
Blood pressures were measured as mmHg units.
Analysis of covariance, adjusted for age, sex, and disease duration, was applied to compare between-group differences. Pairwise multiple comparisons were adjusted by Tukey’s HSD. The χ2 test was done for categorical variables. Polynomial contrasts or Cochran-Armitage tests were performed, when appropriate, to appreciate the linear trend.
OH orthostatic hypotension, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, H/M heart-to-mediastinum, NMSS Non-Motor Symptoms Scale, PDQ39 SI Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life-39 summary index, OHQ Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire, MADRS Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale, RBDSQ REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire.
*p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01, ***p-value < 0.001.
ano-OHX, bDelayed OH, cClassical OH.