Table 4.
Influence of initial orthostatic test on cognitive and motor symptoms progression.
| no-OH (n = 27) | Delayed OH (n = 19) | Classical OH (n = 31) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | P-value | |||||||
| Aged | 66.9 ± 11.3 | 68.9 ± 11.3 | 67.4 ± 5.2 | 69.3 ± 5.2 | 71.4 ± 8.1 | 73.6 ± 8.2 | 0.065 | ||||||
| Disease durationd (median, IQR) | 1.0 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 0.7 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.6) | 1.0 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.2) | 0.531 | ||||||
| Time to follow-upd | – | 23.3 ± 5.1 | – | 23.0 ± 4.8 | – | 25.7 ± 5.5 | 0.117 | ||||||
| LEDDd | – | 426.5 ± 165.5 | – | 409.2 ± 120.0 | – | 528.2 ± 287.3 | 0.137 | ||||||
| Time effect | Group effect | Post hoc analysis | Interaction | ||||||||||
| F | P | F | P | F | P | ||||||||
| UPDRS, total | 21.0 ± 9.4 | 21.5 ± 10.3 | 20.8 ± 5.9 | 23.3 ± 10.4 | 27.6 ± 12.0 | 31.1 ± 14.6 | 3.25 | 0.075 | 5.85 | 0.004 | a < c**, b < c* | 0.59 | 0.556 |
| UPDRS Part I | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 3.07 | 0.084 | 1.49 | 0.231 | – | 2.88 | 0.063 |
| UPDRS Part II | 5.1 ± 2.8 | 6.6 ± 3.9 | 5.4 ± 2.4 | 6.2 ± 4.0 | 7.7 ± 4.0 | 9.0 ± 5.3 | 5.75 | 0.019 | 5.58 | 0.006 | a < c*, b < c* | 0.15 | 0.858 |
| UPDRS Part III | 14.4 ± 7.4 | 13.4 ± 7.5 | 13.6 ± 3.7 | 15.4 ± 7.1 | 18.4 ± 8.7 | 19.6 ± 10.2 | 0.59 | 0.440 | 4.34 | 0.016 | a < c* | 1.03 | 0.362 |
| MMSE | 28.4 ± 1.4 | 27.7 ± 2.0 | 27.2 ± 2.0 | 26.5 ± 2.6 | 26.4 ± 2.6 | 25.8 ± 3.3 | 7.49 | 0.008 | 5.55 | 0.006 | a > c** | 0.05 | 0.956 |
| CDR (median, IQR) | 0.5 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to discern within and between-group differences. Pairwise multiple comparisons were adjusted by Tukey’s HSD.
Values are mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated. Time, group, and time × group interaction effect values are P values.
OH orthostatic hypotension, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, MMSE Mini-Mental Status Examination, CDR Clinical dementia rating, IQR interquartile range.
*p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01, ***p-value < 0.001.
ano-OH, bDelayed OH, cClassical OH, dBetween-group differences of age, disease duration, time interval and amount of levodopa dose were not found by analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test, when appropriate.