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. 2021 Apr 1;13:653365. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.653365

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Copyright © 2021 Hedderich, Menegaux, Schmitz-Koep, Nuttall, Zimmermann, Schneider, Bäuml, Daamen, Boecker, Wilke, Zimmer, Wolke, Bartmann, Sorg and Gaser.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Increased BrainAGE after premature birth. (A) Group difference of BrainAGE between VP/VLBW and FT controls. Box plots of individual BrainAGE scores are shown for VP/VLBW and FT adults, indicating the median, interquartile range, and range. The median BrainAGE score is significantly elevated in VP/VLBW adults compared to FT controls as determined by Mann-Whitney U-test [VP/VLBW: 1.37 years, interquartile range (IQR): −1.26–4.67 years vs. FT: −0.19, IQR: −3.02–3.28 years; p = 0.002]. Increased BrainAGE is associated with perinatal variables of premature birth (B–D). (B) ΔBrainAGE (y-axis) is plotted against gestational age (GA) at birth in weeks (x-axis) in VP/VLBW individuals. A linear regression line is added. Spearman’s r revealed a significant correlation (r = −0.271, p = 0.003). (C) ΔBrainAGE (y-axis) is plotted against birth weight (BW) in grams (x-axis) in VP/VLBW individuals. A linear regression line is added. Spearman’s r revealed a significant correlation (r = −0.196, p = 0.025). (D) Association between BrainAGE and neonatal treatment intensity. ΔBrainAGE (y-axis) is plotted against neonatal treatment intensity as measured by INTI (index of neonatal treatment intensity; x-axis) in VP/VLBW individuals. A linear regression line is added. Spearman’s r revealed a significant correlation (r = −0.302, p = 0.001). Abbreviations: BrainAGE, Brain Age Gap Estimate; FT, full-term; IQR, interquartile range; VP/VLBW, very preterm and/or very low birth weight.