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. 2021 Apr 1;12:641065. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641065

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Copyright © 2021 Rambaran, Naidoo, Lewis, Hassan-Moosa, Govender, Samsunder, Scriba, Padayatchi and Sivro

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The relationship between plasma cytokines/chemokines and bacterial burden measured by smear grades: (A) Total cohort; (Smear 1+ n= 27, Smear 2+ n=24, Smear 3+ n=81), (B) HIV-infected (Smear 1+ n=16, Smear 2+ n=18, Smear 3+ n=62) and (C) HIV-uninfected (Smear 1+ n=11, Smear 2+ n=6, Smear 3+ n=19). Only cytokines that were significantly different or trending towards significance are shown. Based on distribution IP-10 was analysed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test and MIP-1α, IFNγ, IL-10 and IL-1RA were analysed using non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. Cytokines were plotted on log scale (Log 10), Box and Whiskers (5–95%).