Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population by baseline waist circumference.
| Baseline characteristics | Male (n = 17,648) | Female (n = 12,393) | |||||||||
| Low | Normal | Moderate | High | P | Low | Normal | Moderate | High | P | ||
| Continuous data were described as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), and categorical data were presented as frequencies (percentage). BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RHR: resting heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride. | |||||||||||
| Age, yrs | 66.98 ± 5.93 | 66.91 ± 5.67 | 66.69 ± 5.49 | 66.88 ± 6.00 | 0.188 | 73.09 ± 8.11 | 71.16 ± 7.47 | 70.46 ± 7.00 | 70.14 ± 6.95 | < 0.001 | |
| Living alone | 833 (12.49%) | 864 (12.93%) | 275 (10.56%) | 152 (8.96%) | < 0.001 | 1,114 (38.84%) | 1,154 (31.27%) | 1,234 (32.01%) | 564 (28.50%) | < 0.001 | |
| Smoking status | 1,289 (19.33%) | 1,386 (20.75%) | 646 (24.82%) | 434 (25.57%) | < 0.001 | 78 (2.72%) | 53 (1.44%) | 67 (1.74%) | 39 (1.97%) | 0.002 | |
| Alcohol consumption | 628 (9.42%) | 903 (13.52%) | 444 (17.06%) | 303 (17.86%) | < 0.001 | 57 (1.99%) | 75 (2.03%) | 64 (1.66) | 40 (2.02%) | 0.614 | |
| Physical activity | 1,012 (15.18) | 1,331 (19.92%) | 518 (19.90%) | 322 (18.97%) | < 0.001 | 637 (22.21%) | 848 (22.97%) | 971 (25.19%) | 455 (22.99%) | 0.022 | |
| History of hypertension | 1,510 (22.65%) | 2,014 (30.15%) | 957 (36.77%) | 751 (44.25%) | < 0.001 | 979 (34.14%) | 1,246 (33.76%) | 1,624 (42.13%) | 1,064 (53.76%) | < 0.001 | |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 518 (7.77%) | 731 (10.94%) | 393 (15.10%) | 307 (18.09%) | < 0.001 | 297 (10.36%) | 493 (13.36%) | 705 (18.29%) | 448 (22.64%) | < 0.001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.68 ± 2.04 | 23.89 ± 2.32 | 25.06 ± 2.49 | 26.97 ± 3.42 | < 0.001 | 22.29 ± 2.75 | 23.26 ± 2.63 | 24.46 ± 3.01 | 26.56 ± 3.70 | < 0.001 | |
| SBP, mmHg | 125.61 ± 14.55 | 127.99 ± 16.17 | 130.42 ± 16.48 | 134.07 ± 18.98 | < 0.001 | 129.02 ± 19.42 | 129.75 ± 18.57 | 132.81 ± 19.83 | 138.41 ± 21.96 | < 0.001 | |
| DBP, mmHg | 77.3 ± 8.37 | 78.69 ± 8.66 | 79.66 ± 8.94 | 80.60 ± 9.52 | < 0.001 | 77.34 ± 9.70 | 77.91 ± 9.15 | 78.68 ± 9.48 | 79.87 ± 10.17 | < 0.001 | |
| RHR, beats/min | 75 (72−78) | 75 (71−78) | 75 (70−78) | 75 (70−78) | 0.019 | 75 (70−78) | 75 (72−79) | 75 (70−79) | 75 (70−80) | 0.001 | |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.39 (5.26−5.45) | 5.43 (5.25−5.55) | 5.48 (5.30−5.61) | 5.58 (5.31−5.74) | < 0.001 | 5.31 (4.90−5.50) | 5.40 (5.15−5.57) | 5.45 (5.10−5.66) | 5.56 (5.13−5.81) | < 0.001 | |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.72 (4.64−4.78) | 4.74 (4.61−4.83) | 4.77 (4.66−4.87) | 4.84 (4.71−4.97) | < 0.001 | 4.72 (4.55−4.98) | 4.75 (4.64−4.96) | 4.81 (4.66−5.19) | 4.92 (4.71−5.34) | < 0.001 | |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.34 (1.23−1.40) | 1.38 (1.21−1.49) | 1.44 (1.28−1.57) | 1.55 (1.30−1.70) | < 0.001 | 1.30 (1.12−1.48) | 1.35 (1.20−1.50) | 1.42 (1.21−1.61) | 1.51 (1.25−1.77) | < 0.001 | |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.57 (1.56−1.59) | 1.57 (1.55−1.58) | 1.57 (1.54−1.58) | 1.56 (1.53−1.58) | < 0.001 | 1.57 (1.54−1.59) | 1.57 (1.54−1.59) | 1.56 (1.53−1.58) | 1.55 (1.51−1.57) | < 0.001 | |