Table 3. Heart failure diagnosis.
| LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. | |
| Suggestive symptoms and signs | |
| Breathlessness | Elevated jugular venous pressure |
| Orthopnoea | Third heart sound (gallop rhythm) |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea | Hepatojugular reflux |
| Bendopnea | Laterally displaced apical impulse |
| Reduced exercise tolerance | Weight gain (> 2 kg/week) |
| Fatigue, tiredness, increased time to recover after exercise | Cardiac murmur
Ankle oedema |
| Nocturnal cough | Pulmonary crepitation |
| Wheezing | Pleural effusion |
| Bloated feeling | Tachycardia/Tachypnoea |
| Loss of appetite | Hepatomegaly |
| Confusion | Ascites |
| Depression | Cold extremities |
| Palpitations | Oliguria |
| Dizziness | |
| Syncope | |
| Increase in natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNP) | |
| < 50 yrs | > 450 pg/mL |
| 50−75 yrs | > 900 pg/mL |
| > 75 yrs | > 1800 pg/mL |
| Echocardiographic findings | |
| Left ventricular dysfunction | |
| Diastolic dysfunction | |
| LAVI > 34 mL/m 2 | |
| LVMI ≥ 115 g/m2 (males) and ≥ 95 g/m2 (females) | |
| E/E′ ≥ 13 | |
| Mean E’ septal and lateral wall < 9 cm/s. | |
| Right ventricular dysfunction or increase pulmonary artery pressure | |