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. 2021 Mar 28;18(3):219–232. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.03.009

Table 5. Heart failure functional ACC/AHA classification.

ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association.
Stage A Patients at risk for heart failure who have not yet developed structural heart changes.
Stage B Patients with structural heart disease, but who have not yet developed symptoms of heart failure.
Stage C Patients who have developed clinical heart failure
Stage D Patients with refractory heart failure requiring advanced intervention.