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. 2021 Apr 1;12:641387. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641387

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Copyright © 2021 Cockell, Santomartino, Finster, Waajen, Nicholson, Loudon, Eades, Moeller, Rettberg, Fuchs, Van Houdt, Leys, Coninx, Hatton, Parmitano, Krause, Koehler, Caplin, Zuijderduijn, Mariani, Pellari, Carubia, Luciani, Balsamo, Zolesi, Ochoa, Sen, Watt, Doswald-Winkler, Herová, Rattenbacher, Wadsworth, Everroad and Demets.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biological enhancement of vanadium leaching on ISS. Graph showing relative quantity of vanadium leached into the culture chamber for the different gravity conditions and organisms on ISS (μ = microgravity; M = Mars gravity; E = Earth gravity). Data shown as a ratio of biology versus sterile controls. Asterisks reflect samples that are significantly different from the sterile controls (p < 0.05). ‘ns’ means not significant. Sterile control data are also shown. n = 3, except for sterile controls in microgravity in which n = 2 due to contamination.