TABLE 2.

Combined loading conditions for simulation of lumbar spine in different movements.

Direction	Compressive load* (N)	Moment (N m)	References
Flexion	1,175	7.5	Rohlmann et al., 2009; Dreischarf et al., 2014
Extension	500	7.5	Rohlmann et al., 2009; Dreischarf et al., 2014
Lateral bending	700	7.8	Dreischarf et al., 2012, 2014
Axial rotation	720	5.5	Dreischarf et al., 2011, 2014

*The follower load technique (Patwardhan et al., 1999; Shirazi-Adl and Parnianpour, 2000; Dreischarf et al., 2014) was used to simulate the compressive loading.