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. 2021 Apr 1;9:654654. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654654

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

In vitro loading and release tests of modified Ti samples. (A) Heparin loading assay: samples were immersed in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) containing 0.005% toluidine blue solution for 40 min, and solutions were measured at 620 nm. TNT/PDA/Ag surface showed the highest heparin loading capacity. (B) Bovine serum albumin (BSA) release of modified Ti samples: a total of 500 μg of BSA per modified Ti samples was added and left for 2 h. The adsorbed amount of BSA was quantified using a bicinchoninic acid kit (BCA) kit assay (570 nm). TNT/PDA/Ag/HP showed the highest protein adsorption among all modified surfaces. (C) Cumulative release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from modified Ti samples in PBS (pH: 7.4) at 37°C measured by ELISA. Both TNT/PDA/Ag and TNT/PDA/Ag/HP displayed a slow release, with the latter being even more slowly. TNT, TNT/PDA/Ag, and TNT/PDA/Ag/HP reached the release peak on days 9, 12, and 15, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation; p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.