Table 2.

Summary of known immunophenotypic characteristics of humanized mice.

Humanized mouse model	Immune cells	Phenotypic characteristics	References
Hu-PBL	T cells	Donor immunological memory is conferred	Mosier, Gulizia (13); Hesselton, Greiner (14); van Rijn, Simonetti (15), Ali, Flutter (16)
		High activation due to MHC mismatch and thus high propensity of GVHD
	B Cells	Present at low levels
		Donor immunological memory is conferred
		Limited class switching and SHM
Hu-HSC	T cells	HLA mismatched T cells	Kamel-Reid and Dick (17); Péault, Weissman (18); Lapidot, Pflumio (28); Hiramatsu, Nishikomori (19); Shultz, Saito (29); Danner, Chaudhari (20); Choi, Chun (30); Chen, He (31); Ito, Takahashi (32); Rongvaux, Willinger (33), Billerbeck, Horwitz (34), Billerbeck, Labitt (35);Ding, Wilkinson (36); Majji, Wijayalath (37); Li, Mention (38); Herndler-Brandstetter, Shan (39)
		Th2 Polarization driven by increased GATA3 expression
	B cells	Predominantly immature, express CD5+ at higher levels
		Limited class switching and somatic hypermutation
		IgG and IgM present at lower levels than in humans
	NK cells	Present in low numbers
	Macrophages	Present and intact phagocytic function
	Dendritic Cells	Both plasmacytoid DCs and Myeloid DCs are present at low frequencies
		Able to induce the activation of allogeneic human T cells
		Able to produce IFN-a upon stimulation
	Mast Cells	Present in low numbers
		Incomplete development due to lack of species-specific cytokines
		Poor allergic responses
BLT	T cells	HLA restricted T cells	Lan, Tonomura (21); Melkus, Estes (22); Brainard, Seung (23); Stoddart, Maidji (24); Biswas, Chang (40); Kalscheuer, Danzl (41); Denton, Nochi (42), Smith, Lin (43); Bryce, Falahati (44), Honeycutt, Wahl (45); Nikzad, Angelo (46)
	CD8+ T cells	Capable of functional, antigen specific effector responses
		Tend towards a more naïve phenotype expressing high levels of CD45RA, CD27 and CCR7
	CD4+ T cells	Capable of functional, antigen specific responses
		Th2 Polarization driven by increased GATA3 expression
	B cells	Limited class switching and somatic hypermutation
		Incomplete maturation indicated by CD10+ B cells in Spleen and Bone Marrow and CD5+ B Cells in spleen and peripheral circulation
		IgG and IgM present at lower levels than in humans
	NK Cells	Lower numbers but phenotypically similar to human NK cells
		Maintain cytotoxic activity
		CD62L expression is higher in spleen and liver potentially caused by underdeveloped lymphoid follicles
	Dendritic Cells	Both plasmacytoid DCs and Myeloid DCs are present at low frequencies
	Macrophages	Present and intact phagocytic function
		Incomplete development due to lack of species-specific cytokines
	Mast Cells	Present in spleen and lung
		Absent in skin, heart, stomach, and small intestine
		Incomplete development due to lack of species-specific cytokines
		Poor allergic responses