Fig. 3.

Probiotics and antibiotics differentially affect bacterial composition at the genus level. Many bacterial genera are completely depleted in antibiotic-treated rats. The genus Anaeroplasma is significantly increased in antibiotic-treated rats. Lachnospiraceae UCG006 is also increased but not significantly in antibiotic-treated rats. Streptococcus, Erysipelatoclostridium, Marvinbryantia, and Odoribacter are significantly increased in probiotic-treated rats compared to the vehicle group. Data are expressed as median + min-to-max values *p < 0.05 VS vehicle, ^#p < 0.05 VS vehicle (n = 13–14/group). Data was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test followed by Mann-Whitney U test and corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamin-Hochberg false discovery rate (pFDR) method (refer to Supplemental Material for details on statistics).