Fig. 6.

The impact of microbiota-targeted interventions on hepatic and duodenal genes. (a) Gene expression and protein levels of relevant CYPs in the liver. The literature-identified rat CYP enzymes equivalent to human CYPs implicated in the metabolism of OLZ and RISP are illustrated. Probiotic and antibiotic administration do not alter the gene expression and protein levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2D1 compared to the vehicle group. Both probiotics and antibiotics increase the protein levels of CYP3A1 (One-way ANOVA F_(2;19)=19.25, p < 0.001; post-hoc p = 0.049 for probiotic vs vehicle, p = 0.000 for antibiotic vs vehicle) without altering gene expression. The protein bands of two representative samples per group are shown. Data are expressed as mean + SEM *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ns=not significant (n = 5–7/group). (b) Gene expression of relevant tight junctions and MDR in the duodenum. No significant differences are noted across groups. Data are expressed as mean + SEM (n = 5–7/group).