Fig. 3.

Mechanisms of SCFA, mainly butyrate, to protect the intestinal barrier and control inflammation by inhibition of HDAC and activation of HAT in colonocytes (a) and macrophages (b). This inhibition leads to translation of the DNA and the production transcription factors resulting in HIF stabilization, increased intestinal barrier integrity and downregulation of inflammatory mediators. GPR= G-protein coupled receptor, HAT= histone acetyl transferase, HDAC= histone deacetylase, HIF= hypoxia inducible factor, SLC= solute carrier, TCA= tricarboxylic acid cycle, TF= transcription factor.