Table 1.

Steps for conducting a workflow assessment.

Step	Purpose	Methods	Example tools
Identify discrete workflow components	Define what is necessary to make the intervention work	Select locations, interactions, and tasks	Review direct observation checklist (Multimedia Appendix 1) and other checklists to select clinical practices [26]
Workflow assessment	Create a model of the clinical workflow	Direct observation, interviews, sensor-based investigations, EHRa audit logs, and job task diaries	Review direct observation form (Multimedia Appendix 1)
Triangulation	Confirm rigor of clinical workflow model	Direct observation, interviews, sensor-based investigations, EHR audit logs, and job task diaries	Review semistructured template (Multimedia Appendix 2)
Stakeholder proposal	Plan intervention implementation based on stakeholder preferences	Interviews	Review semistructured template (Multimedia Appendix 2)

^aEHR: electronic health record.