Table 2.

Patterns of cannabis use from 13 to 18 years and cognitive functioning at age 24 (fully adjusted models).

	Non-user	Late-onset occasional	Early-onset occasional	Early-onset regular
n = 3232 for all models	Reference	b (95% CI)	b (95% CI)	b (95% CI)	Wald (df) p value
Working memory	–	−0.10 (-0.22, 0.03)	0.12 (-0.17, 0.41)	−0.62 (-0.93, -0.31)	18.56 (3) p < 0.001
Response inhibition	–	0.04 (-0.04, 0.11)	0.05 (-0.11, 0.22)	0.30 (0.08, 0.52)	9.24 (3) p = 0.02
Emotion recognition	–	−0.00 (-0.01, 0.01)	0.02 (-0.00, 0.05)	−0.02 (-0.05, 0.01)	4.23 (3) p = 0.24

Note. Models adjusted for socioeconomic status, working memory at age ∼11 years; head injury/ unconsciousness up to age 11 years, and alcohol use before 13 years of age; Wald tests determine whether there were differences between patterns of tobacco use and subsequent cognitive functioning; Working memory: negative d’ scores reflect poorer performance; Response inhibition: longer reaction times reflect poorer performance; Emotion recognition: negative scores reflect poorer performance.