Table 3.

2011 health burden for aggregated non-road, on-road and air/rail/marine sectors.

	Non-road	On-road	Air/Rail/Marine
Premature death
Krewski et al (2009) [26] & Bell et al (2004) [27]	5400 (3400–7400)	12 000 (7200–16 000)	4000 (2500–5400)
Lepeule et al (2012) [28] & Levy et al (2005) [29]	14 000 (7600–20 000)	31 000 (17 000–45 000)	10 000 (5700–15 000)
Non-fatal heart attacks
Peters etal (2001) [30]	10 000 (5200–16 000)	22 000 (11 000–33 000)	7700 (3800–11 000)
Pooled estimate of four studies	460 (170–1200)	970 (360–2600)	330 (120–890)
Cardiovascular hospital admissions	1100 (490–1900)	2300 (1000–4100)	790 (350–1400)
Respiratory hospital admissions	2100 ((530)–4400)	5000 ((1300)–10 000)	1600 ((410)–3300)
Respiratory emergency department visits	9200 ((520)–24 000)	21 000 ((710)–62 000)	6700 ((320)–18 000)
Acute bronchitis	7100 ((1700)–16 000)	15 000 ((3600)–34 000)	5200 ((1200)–12 000)
Acute respiratory symptoms	8 700 000 (5 100 000–12 000 000)	20 000 000 (12 000 000–29 000 000)	6 500 000 (3 800 000–9 200 000)
Aggravated asthma	2 300 000 ((1 800 000)–5 500 000)	5 700 000 ((4 700 000)–14 000 000)	1 700 000 ((1 400 000)–4 200 000)
Upper respiratory symptoms	130 000 (24 000–240 000)	280 000 (50 000–500 000)	95 000 (17 000–170 000)
Lower respiratory symptoms	91 000 (35 000–150 000)	190 000 (74 000–310 000)	67 000 (25 000–110 000)
Lost work days	650 000 (550 000–750 000)	1 400 000 (1 200 000–1 600 000)	480 000 (410 000–550 000)
Lost school days	1 600 000 (550 000–3 500 000)	4 000 000 (1 400 000–8 800 000)	1 200 000 (420 000–2 600 000)