Table 4.

2025 health burden for aggregated non-road, on-road and air/rail/marine sectors.

	Non-road	On-road	Air/Rail/Marine
Premature death
Krewski et al (2009) & Bell et al (2004)	3900 (2400–5400)	6700 (4100–9200)	2900 (1700–4100)
Lepeule et al (2012) & Levy et al (2005)	11 000 (6000–15 000)	18 000 (10 000–26 000)	8500 (5000–12 000)
Non-Fatal heart attacks
Peters et al (2001)	3200 (780–5600)	5700 (1400–10 000)	2100 (520–3700)
Pooled estimate of four studies	350 (130–930)	620 (230–1700)	230 (84–610)
Cardiovascular hospital admissions	820 (360–1500)	1500 (640–2700)	540 (240–990)
Respiratory hospital admissions	2100 ((590)–4500)	3600 ((1000)–7500)	2000 ((550)—4400)
Respiratory emergency Department visits	7400 ((180)–20 000)	12 000 ((380)–33 000)	7200 (130–21 000)
Acute bronchitis	4400 ((1000)–9800)	8000 ((1900)–18 000)	2900 ((680)—6500)
Acute respiratory symptoms	6 400 000 (3 600 000–9 300 000)	11 000 000 (6 100 000–15 000 000)	6 100 000 (3 200 000–9 100 000)
Aggravated asthma	1 900 000 ((1 500 000)–4 500 000)	3 000 000 ((2 400 000)–7 200 000)	2 000 000 ((1 700 000)—4 900 000)
Upper respiratory symptoms	80 000 (14 000–140 000)	140 000 (26 000–260 000)	53 000 (9500–95 000)
Lower respiratory symptoms	56 000 (21 000–91 000)	100 000 (39 000–160 000)	37 000 (14 000–60 000)
Lost work days	410 000 (340 000–470 000)	730 000 (620 000–840 000)	270 000 (230 000–310 000)
Lost school days	1 300 000 (460 000–2 900 000)	2 100 000 (740 000–4 600 000)	1 400 000 (510 000–3 200 000)