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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Stat Sci. 2020 Dec 21;36(1):109–123. doi: 10.1214/19-sts749

Figure 5:

Figure 5:

Mean estimate of the population average potential outcome as a function of α, direct effect as a function of α and indirect effect IE(α1, α2) as a function of α2 for α1 {0.3, 0.6}.