Table 5.

Hierarchical linear regression models for withdrawal behaviors

Variables	Defensive medicine		Turnover intention		Career choice advice
	M1(β)	M2(β)	M3(β)	M4(β)	M5(β)	M6(β)
Control variables
Age	0.117	0.129	−0.083	− 0.067	− 0.119	− 0.096
Sex	− 0.242	− 0.224**	−0.013	0.012	0.011	0.046
Marital status	−0.023	−0.028	0.015	0.007	−0.010	−0.021
Service Years	0.079	0.073	0.079	0.071	−0.007	−0.019
Hospital level	−0.012	0.000	0.058	0.075*	−0.026	−0.003
Education level	0.048	0.035	−0.038	−0.057	− 0.049	−0.075*
Professional title	−0.050	−0.065	0.077	0.055	0.117	0.087
Monthly income	−0.052	−0.025	− 0.173***	−0.134***	− 0.127*	−0.074
Independent variable
Self-perceived professional reputation damage		0.172***		0.240***		0.332**
F	9.471***	11.552***	4.646***	9.940***	2.486*	13.443***
R2	0.083***	0.111***	0.043***	0.097***	0.023*	0.127***
△R2	0.083***	0.028***	0.043***	0.054***	0.023*	0.104***

Notes-M_1, M_3,M₅: the influence of demographic variables on the Defensive medicine, Turnover intention and Career choice advice; M_2,M_4,M₆: the influence of Self-perceived professional reputation damage on on the Defensive medicine, Turnover intention and Career choice advice; Notes-hierarchical linear regression ^* p < 0.05 (2-tailed), ^** p < 0.01 (2-tailed), ^*** p < 0.001 (2-tailed)