Table 1.

Fossil calibrations used in the divergence time analyses.

Calibration	Definition	Fossil	Age (Ma)
Eudicots
26	CG eudicots	Tricolpate pollen; England and Gabon	126
27	CG Ranunculales	Teixeiraea lusitanica – flower; Portugal	113
38	CG Pentapetalae	Pentamerous flower with distinct calyx and corolla; USA	100
48	SG Ericales	Pentapetalum trifasciculandricus—flowers; USA	89.8
94	SG Myrtaceae	“Flower number 3” from the Table Nunatak Formation, Antarctica	83.6
105	SG Brassicales	Dressiantha bicarpelata—flowers; USA	89.8
112	CG Rosaceae	Prunus wutuensis—fruits; China	49.4
116	SG Cannabaceae	Aphananthe cretacea and Gironniera gonnensis—fruits; Germany	66
122	SG Juglandaceae	Polyptera manningi—fruits; USA	64.4
133	SG Populus	Populus wilmattae—leaves, infructescences and fruits; USA	37.8
X14	SG Fagales	Protofagacea allonensis—flowers; USA	83.6
Legumes
A	SG Leguminosae	Paracacioxylon frenguellii—wood with vestured pits; Argentina	63.5
C	SG Cercis	Cercis parvifolia—leaves and C. herbmeyeri—fruits; USA	36
C	SG Bauhinia	cf. Bauhinia—simple leaf with bilobed lamina; Tanzania	46
F	SG Resin-producing clade	Hymenaea mexicana—vegetativeand floral remains in amber; Mexico	22.5
G	SG Detarioideae	Aulacoxylon sparnacense—wood and amber; France	53
G	SG Resin-producing clade	Same as G	53
H	CG Amherstieae	Aphanocalyx singidaensis—bifoliolate leaves; Tanzania	46
I2	SG Styphnolobium/Cladrastis	Styphnolobium and Cladrastis—leaves and fruits; USA	37.8
M2	SG Robinioid clade	Robinia zirkelii—wood; USA	33.9
Q	SG Acacieae/Ingeae	Flattened polyads with 16 pollen grains; Brazil, Colombia, Cameroon and Egypt	33.9
Q2	SG Acacia s.s.	Polyads with pseudocolpi; Australia	23
Z	SG Caesalpinioideae	Bipinnate leaves; Colombia	58

See Supplementary Appendix1 available on Dryad for detailed discussion of these fossil calibrations.

CG Crown group; SG Stem group; Ma Million years ago.

Numbers 26, 27, 38, 48, 94, 105, 112, 116, 122 and 133 refer to calibrations from Magallón et al. (2015) as listed in their Supplementary Information Methods S1; letters A, D, F, G, I2, M2, and Q refer to calibrations from Bruneau et al. (2008) and/or Simon et al. (2009).

Magallón et al. (2015) and references therein.

Prior set as normal with standard deviation of 1.0, and truncated between minimum and maximum bounds of 113 and 136 Ma, respectively.

Xing et al. (2014) and reference therein.

Bruneau et al. (2008).

Note that the new fossil discovered by Lyson et al. (2019) at c. 65.35 Ma is slightly older than the fossil listed here and is currently the oldest known fossil evidence of SG Leguminosae; however, since the currently used fossil does not constrain this node because of the long stem lineage of the family, substituting this calibration with the new Lyson et al. (2019) fossil would not influcence our results.

Jia and Manchester (2014).

Alternative prior 1 as used in FLC analysis with eight local clocks.

Jacobs and Herendeen (2004).

Poinar Jr and Brown (2002).

De Franceschi and De Ploëg (2003).

Herendeen and Jacobs (2000).

Herendeen (1992).

Lavin et al. (2003) and references therein.

Simon et al. (2009): Supplementary Information and references therein.

Miller et al. (2013).

Wing et al. (2009).