Table 4.
Test scores by education, household income, and Native (“tribal”) language speaking capacity (raw score means and standard deviations)
| Education | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Up to 11th grade N=162 |
Graduated HS N=210 |
Any college N=322 |
College (BA/BS) + N=124 |
η2 (95% CI) | P-value | |
| 3MS, Total Score | 80.8 (11.5) | 88.8 (7.0) | 90.3 (8.1) | 92.5 (6.6) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.22) | <0.001 |
| CVLT-II SF | ||||||
| Total Learned, Words | 20.3 (5.9) | 22.8 (4.3) | 23.0 (5.3) | 24.3 (4.5) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) | <0.001 |
| Short Delay Free Recall, Words | 5.2 (2.3) | 6.1 (1.8) | 6.0 (2.1) | 6.2 (1.9) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | <0.001 |
| Long Delay Free Recall, Words | 4.8 (2.6) | 5.6 (2.0) | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.2) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | <0.001 |
| Long Delay Cued Recall, Words | 5.3 (2.4) | 6.1 (1.8) | 6.1 (2.0) | 6.2 (1.8) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | <0.001 |
| Total Recognition Discriminability, Score | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.7) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) | <0.001 |
| WAIS Coding, Total Score | 31.9 (14.2) | 43.6 (14.4) | 46.3 (14.6) | 54.6 (14.0) | 0.19 (0.14, 0.23) | <0.001 |
| COWA, Correct words | 16.4 (8.8) | 23.1 (10.0) | 26.5 (11.2) | 31.3 (11.3) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.21) | <0.001 |
| Finger tap, Dominant hand | 31.8 (9.2) | 34.6 (9.4) | 35.8 (10.4) | 37.9 (9.4) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) | <0.001 |
| Grip strength, Dominant hand | 21.6 (8.8) | 24.0 (8.9) | 25.7 (9.2) | 28.4 (10.7) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) | <0.001 |
| Annual Household Income | ||||||
| <$10,000 N=251 |
$10–20,000 N=234 |
$20–35,000 N=175 |
>$30,000 N=158 |
η2 (95% CI) | P-value | |
| 3MS, Total Score | 85.2 (10.8) | 87.6 (9.6) | 90.6 (7.2) | 92.2 (5.4) | 0.08 (0.05 (0.12) | <0.001 |
| CVLT-II SF | ||||||
| Total Learned, Words | 21.3 (5.7) | 22.3 (5.3) | 23.6 (4.5) | 24.1 (4.5) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | <0.001 |
| Short Delay Free Recall, Words | 5.6 (2.3) | 5.8 (1.9) | 6.1 (2.0) | 6.4 (1.7) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | <0.001 |
| Long Delay Free Recall, Words | 5.1 (2.5) | 5.4 (2.1) | 5.6 (2.1) | 5.9 (2.0) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.002 |
| Long Delay Cued Recall, Words | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.9 (2.0) | 6.2 (1.9) | 6.5 (1.7) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) | <0.001 |
| Total Recognition Discriminability, Score | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.7) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.007 |
| WAIS Coding, Total Score | 37.4 (16.2) | 43.4 (14.2) | 47.4 (15.1) | 51.6 (14.3) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.15) | <0.001 |
| COWA, Correct words | 20.5 (11.2) | 23.3 (10.8) | 27.4 (11.4) | 28.8 (10.5) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.12) | <0.001 |
| Finger tap, Dominant hand | 32.7 (10.2) | 33.4 (9.6) | 37.0 (9.7) | 39.0 (8.8) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) | <0.001 |
| Grip strength, Dominant hand | 22.3 (9.3) | 23.6 (8.6) | 26.0 (9.2) | 29.6 (9.7) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.11) | <0.001 |
| Native (“tribal”) language speaking capacity | ||||||
| Not at all N=262 |
A little N=235 |
Moderately N=101 |
Very well N=219 |
η2 (95% CI) | P-value | |
| 3MS, Total Score | 90.3 (7.8) | 89.0 (8.7) | 88.4 (9.8) | 85.4 (10.6) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | <0.001 |
| CVLT-II SF | ||||||
| Total Learned, Words | 23.0 (5.0) | 23.0 (4.8) | 23.1 (5.1) | 21.3 (5.8) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | <0.001 |
| Short Delay Free Recall, Words | 6.0 (2.0) | 6.0 (2.0) | 6.2 (1.9) | 5.7 (2.1) | 0.01 ( − , 0.02) | 0.14 |
| Long Delay Free Recall, Words | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.7 (2.2) | 5.5 (2.1) | 5.1 (2.4) | 0.01 ( − , 0.03) | 0.036 |
| Long Delay Cued Recall, Words | 6.1 (2.0) | 6.3 (1.9) | 5.9 (2.0) | 5.6 (2.1) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.003 |
| Total Recognition Discriminability, Score | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | 0.00 ( − , 0.01) | 0.57 |
| WAIS Coding, Total Score | 47.4 (14.4) | 46.5 (15.4) | 44.2 (15.3) | 37.1 (16.4) | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) | <0.001 |
| COWA, Correct words | 26.0 (11.6) | 25.1 (10.9) | 27.5 (12.3) | 20.3 (10.4) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08) | <0.001 |
| Finger tap, Dominant hand | 35.5 (9.9) | 35.0 (9.8) | 34.6 (10.3) | 34.6 (10.0) | 0.00 ( − , 0.01) | 0.76 |
| Grip strength, Dominant hand | 25.8 (9.3) | 26.2 (9.6) | 24.1 (9.0) | 22.6 (9.6) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.05) | <0.001 |
Notes: 3MS= Modified Mini Mental State; Coding = WAIS-IV Coding; COWA = Controlled Oral Word Test; FTT = Finger Tapping Test; CVLT-II SF = California Verbal Learning Test – 2nd edition Short Form. P-values represent test from Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with effect size given as eta-squared (η2) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI).