Table 5.
Adjusted regression models for test scores by demographic and sociocultural characteristics
| 3MS | WAIS Coding | COWA | CVLT-II SF short delay free recall |
CVLT-II SF long delay free recall |
Finger tap | Grip strength | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β(95% CI) | β(95% CI) | β(95% CI) | β(95% CI) | β(95% CI) | β(95% CI) | β(95% CI) | ||
| Age | 70–74 years | −0.8 (−2.0, 0.5) | −6.2 (−8.4, −4.0)*** | −0.8 (−2.6, 0.9) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.3) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.2) | −2.1 (−0.5, −3.7)** | −1.2 (−0.02,−2.3)* |
| 75–79 years | −2.1 (−3.7, −0.6)* | −9.8 (−12.3, −7.3)*** | −3.8 (−5.8, −1.8)*** | −0.1 (−0.45, 0.3) | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.3) | −3.3 (−1.4, −5.2)*** | −3.0 (−1.6, −4.3)*** | |
| 80+ years | −4.6 (−6.7, −2.4) *** | −15.1 (−18.0, −12.1)*** | −3.0 (−5.4, −0.6)** | −0.6 (−1.0, −0.1)* | −0.8 (−1.3, −0.2)** | −5.0 (−2.9, −7.1)*** | −4.7 (−3.3, −6.1)*** | |
| Sex | Male | −1.1 (−2.4, 0.1) | −3.1 (−5.1, −1.1)*** | −2.7 (−4.3, −1.1)*** | −0.6 (−1.0, −0.3)*** | −0.6 (−1.0, −0.3)*** | 5.0 (3.5, 6.5)*** | 12.9 (11.7, 14.1)*** |
| Education | Graduated HS | 6.5 (4.5, 8.6)*** | 7.4 (4.5, 10.2)*** | 4.8 (2.8, 6.8)*** | 0.7 (0.3, 1.2)*** | 0.6 (0.1, 1.1)* | 1.7 (−0.3, 3.6) | 0.4 (−1.1, 1.8) |
| Any college | 7.8 (5.7, 9.9)*** | 9.3 (6.6, 12.0)*** | 7.8 (5.8, 9.8)*** | 0.6 (0.1, 1.0)* | 0.6 (0.1, 1.0)* | 2.3 (0.5, 4.2)* | 2.1 (0.8, 3.4)** | |
| BA/BS + | 9.3 (7.0, 11.5)*** | 16.5 (13.2, 19.8)*** | 11.6 (9.0, 14.2)*** | 0.6 (0.1, 1.2)* | 0.4 (−0.3, 1.0) | 3.1 (0.7, 5.4)* | 3.2 (1.3, 5.0)*** | |
| Annual | $10–20,000 | 0.3 (−1.4, 2.0) | 2.2 (−0.2, 4.6) | 0.4 (−1.4, 2.3) | 0.2 (−0.2, 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.6) | 0.5 (−1.3, 2.3) | 0.6 (−0.6, 1.8) |
| Household | $20–35,000 | 1.7 (0.0, 3.5)* | 3.63 (0.86, 6.41)** | 2.7 (0.5, 4.9)* | 0.4 (−1.0, 0.8) | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.8) | 3.1 (1.1, 5.1)** | 0.8 (−0.6, 2.1) |
| Income | >$35,000 | 2.6 (0.6, 4.2)** | 4.34 (1.41, 7.26)*** | 2.7 (0.4, 4.9)* | 0.6 (0.2, 1.1)** | 0.6 (0.1, 1.1)* | 3.6 (1.5, 5.7)*** | 2.1 (0.6, 3.6)** |
| Native | A little | −1.1 (−2.5, 0.2) | −0.8 (−2.9, 1.5) | −0.8 (−2.6, 0.9) | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.4) | 0.2 (−0.2, 0.5) | −0.4 (−2.0,1.2) | −0.2 (−1.3, 0.9) |
| Language | Moderately | −1.6 (−3.5, 0.4) | −2.03 (−5.07, 1) | 1.8 (−0.92, 4.5) | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.7) | 0.0 (−0.5, 0.5) | 0.3 (−1.9, 2.5) | −0.5 (−1.9, 0.9) |
| Capacity | Very well | −2.0 (−3.6, −0.4)** | −5.1 (−7.6, −2.6)*** | −3.2 (−5.1, −1.2)*** | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.4) | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.3) | 1.7 (−0.2, 3.6) | −1.0 (−2.3, 0.3) |
Notes: Referent categories: Age = 60–69 years; Sex = female; Education = <11th grade; Annual household income; <$10,000; Native language speaking capacity = not at all. Models mutually adjusted: age categories (4 levels); sex; education categories (4 levels); income (4 levels); Native (tribal) language use (4 levels); smoking more than 100 cigarettes (lifetime); drinking alcohol (ever); and self-reported diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary heart failure, or stroke. 3MS= Modified Mini Mental State; Coding = WAIS-IV Coding; COWA = Controlled Oral Word Test; CVLT-II SF = California Verbal Learning Test – 2nd edition Short Form. Negative coefficients indicate a decrease in scores and positive values indicate an increase in scores. Significant P-values denoted using
<0.05
<0.01
<0.001