Table 2.
Characteristics of activity monitors used in research with patients with heart failure
| Activity monitor | Size (weight) Placement | Costs | Data storage | Water resistance | Can assess sleep quality | Outcome (measured) | Outcome (calculated) | Field validation TEE & AEE | Laboratoryvalidation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uniaxial | |||||||||
| KenzLifecorder EX (KenzLifecorder, Suzuken Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan) |
7.25 × 4.15 × 2.75 cm (60 g) Waist |
10 € Software for free: Physical Activity Analysis Software (PAAS) |
200 days | No | No | Steps, activity intensity level | EE, activity intensity level | TEE healthy adults r = 0.83 28 | Healthy adults r = 0.56–0.96 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 |
| Triaxial | |||||||||
| Actigraph GT3X (Actigraph, Pensacola, FL, USA) |
4.6 × 3.3 × 1.5 cm (19 g) Hip, ankle, or wrist |
1385 Euros for monitor, interface unit, and software | 19 days | To 1 m | Yes | AC, physical activity intensity, steps | EE, activity intensity level | TEE healthy adults r = 0.80 28 | Healthy adults r = 0.88 28 |
| AX3 (Axivity Ltd, Newcastle, UK) |
23 × 32.5 × 7.6 mm (11 g) Wrist |
124 €, 135 € with wristband Software is open source |
14 days (110 Hz) | To 1.5 m | No | AC, physical activity intensity | EE, activity intensity level |
TEE healthy adults r = 0.87–0.91 32 AEE healthy adults r = 0.59–0.69 32 |
Stroke patients r = 0.63–0.87 33 |
| Fitbit‐Flex (Fitbit Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) |
31.7 × 8.9 × 6.8 mm (23.53 g) Wrist |
60 € | 5 days | Sweat, rain and splash‐proof | Yes | AC, physical activity intensity, steps | EE, activity intensity level | TEE healthy adults r = 0.84 28 | Healthy adults r = 0.90 28 |
| Stayhealthy RT3 (Stayhealthy, Monrovia, CA, USA) |
7.1 × 5.6x 2.8 cm (65.2 g) Hip or waist |
462 € for monitor and docking station | 21 days | To 1 m | No | AC, VMU | EE |
TEE healthy adults r = 0.32 34 AEE chronic disease patients r = 0.67 35 |
Healthy/overweight adults r = 0.47 35 |
| TracmorD (Philips New Wellness Solutions, Lifestyle Incubator, The Netherlands) |
3.2 × 3.2 × 0.5 cm (12.5 g) Around the neck, hip, or on lower back |
99 €, 15 € monthly abonnement software online | 22 weeks | To 3 m | Yes | AC, physical activity intensity | EE, activity intensity level |
TEE healthy adults r = 0.46 40 AEE healthy adults r = 0.48 40 |
Healthy subjects r = 0.89 41 |
| Multisensor | |||||||||
| Fitbit Charge HR (Fitbit Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) | Wrist 31.7 × 8.9 × 6.8 mm (23.53 g) | 149 € | 5 days | Sweat, rain and splash‐proof | Yes | AC, physical activity intensity, steps | EE, activity intensity level | X | X |
| GENEActiv (Activinsights Ltd., Camps, UK) | 43 × 40 × 13 mm (16 g) | 205 € | 7 days | Waterproof | Yes | AC, physical activity intensity | EE, activity intensity level | X | Healthy adults r = 0.97 42 |
| Move 4 (Movisens, GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) |
62.3 × 38.6 × 11.5 mm (25 g) Hip, wrist, or chest |
2115 € for monitor, interfaceunit, and software. The possibilities to rent the device for 50 € a week | 7 days | Sweat, rain and splash‐proof | No | AC, physical activity intensity, steps | EE, activity intensity level | X | Move II healthy adults r = 0.64–0.88 43 |
AC, activity count; AEE, active energy expenditure; TEE, total energy expenditure; VMU, vector magnitude unit.