TABLE 1.
Clinical gait and cBF characteristics of participants at baseline
| Characteristic | Parkinson's disease | Controls | Statistic, P value |
| Clinical assessments | |||
| N | 99 | 47 | – |
| Age, years | 66.53 (10.69) | 65.82 (8.02) | t = −0.45, P = 0.683 |
| Sex, malesa | 66 (67) | 29 (62) | χ2 = 0.35, P = 0.557 |
| Height, m | 1.70 (0.08) | 1.71 (0.10) | t = 0.87, P = 0.386 |
| Mass, kg | 78.93 (15.12) | 79.53 (13.05) | t = 0.23, P = 0.817 |
| Education, years | 13.4 (4.0) | 13.8 (3.7) | U = 2197, P = 0.584 |
| NART | 115.7 (10.3) | 117.7 (7.9) | U = 2152, P = 0.586 |
| MoCA | 25.2 (3.6) | 27.7 (2.0) | U = 1234, P < 0.001* |
| MMSE | 28.7 (1.3) | 29.3 (0.9) | U = 1673, P = 0.004* |
| GDS‐15 | 2.6 (2.2) | 0.9 (1.2) | U = 1099, P < 0.001* |
| MDS‐UPDRS III | 25.2 (10.2) | – | – |
| H&Y Stagea | 23 I (23), 58 II (59), 18 III (18) | – | – |
| Disease duration, months | 6.5 (4.8) | – | – |
| LEDD (mg/day) | 171 (129) | – | – |
| Gait assessments | |||
| Step velocity, ms−1 | 1.13 (0.21) | 1.29 (0.14) | F(1,142) = 24.3, P < 0.001* |
| Step length, m | 0.63 (0.10) | 0.69 (0.07) | F(1,142) = 19.6, P < 0.001* |
| Swing time var, ms | 17.71 (6.03) | 13.92 (3.52) | F(1,142) = 16.9, P < 0.001* |
| Step time var, ms | 19.04 (6.41) | 14.97 (4.17) | F(1,142) = 17.3, P < 0.001* |
| Stance time var, ms | 23.26 (9.74) | 17.48 (5.46) | F(1,142) = 16.3, P < 0.001* |
| Step velocity var, ms−1 | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | F(1,142) = 2.3, P = 0.103 |
| Step length var, m | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | F(1,142) = 7.1, P = 0.008* |
| Step time, ms | 563.98 (46.29) | 537.82 (45.15) | F(1,142) = 9.6, P = 0.002* |
| Swing time, ms | 394.28 (32.95) | 386.06 (33.80) | F(1,142) = 2.0, P = 0.157 |
| Stance time, ms | 734.10 (77.78) | 690.73 (62.26) | F(1,142) = 10.9, P = 0.001* |
| Step time asy, ms | 20.02 (20.28) | 11.44 (9.05) | F(1,142) = 7.6, P = 0.007* |
| Swing time asy, ms | 16.06 (15.48) | 8.47 (7.89) | F(1,142) = 12.0, P = 0.001* |
| Stance time asy, ms | 15.49 (14.95) | 8.95 (8.37) | F(1,142) = 9.45, P = 0.003* |
| Step length asy, m | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | F(1,142) = 0.5, P = 0.487 |
| Step width, m | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.02) | F(1,142) = 0.4, P = 0.847 |
| Step width var, m | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | F(1,142) = 7.7, P = 0.006* |
| cBF assessments | |||
| TIV normalized Ch4p volume, mm3 | −0.004 (0.066) | 0.008 (0.055) | F1,142 = 1.17, P = 0.282 |
| TIV normalized Ch4 volume, mm3 | −0.005 (0.049) | 0.010 (0.044) | F1,142 = 3.35, P = 0.069; |
| TIV normalized Ch1‐2 volume, mm3 | −0.003 (0.056) | 0.007 (0.052) | F1,142 = 0.88, P = 0.351 |
All figures are mean (standard deviation) except a where figures are n (%). At baseline, n = 6 did not complete MoCA and n = 1 did not complete NART in the Parkinson's disease group. Significant differences are in bold, denoted by *.
Abbreviations: GDS‐15, Geriatric Depression Scale; NART, National Adult Reading Test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; MDS‐UPDRS III, Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale part three; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; LEDD, Levodopa equivalent daily dose; var, variability (standard deviation); asy, asymmetry; cBF, cholinergic basal forebrain; TIV, total intracranial volume (note cBF volumes are TIV‐normalized using analysis of covariance).