TABLE 4.
Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of frequency of heavy episodic drinking and socio‐economic position (SEP) on the outcome of alcohol‐related health problems.
| High SEP HR (95% CI) | Intermediate SEP HR (95% CI) | Low SEP HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | |||
| Abstainers | 0.91 (0.33, 2.50) | 0.78 (0.41, 1.48) | 1.76 (1.10, 2.82) |
| Drinkers with no HED | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.79, 1.42) | 1.43 (1.02, 2.02) |
| HED ≤ 3 times/month | 3.50 (2.57, 4.76) | 4.25 (3.24, 5.56) | 5.60 (4.24, 7.40) |
| HED ≥ once a week | 12.64 (8.44, 18.94) | 15.59 (11.64, 20.87) | 19.07 (14.11, 25.77) |
| Model 2 | |||
| Abstainers | 1.41 (0.51, 3.89) | 1.18 (0.62, 2.26) | 2.64 (1.63, 4.28) |
| Drinkers with no HED | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.82, 1.47) | 1.66 (1.17, 2.34) |
| HED ≤ 3 times/month | 2.78 (2.04, 3.79) | 3.54 (2.70, 4.64) | 5.00 (3.78, 6.61) |
| HED ≥ once a week | 6.72 (4.45, 10.14) | 8.44 (6.24, 11.41) | 10.63 (7.79, 14.49) |
| Model 3 | |||
| Abstainers | 0.85 (0.31, 2.33) | 0.68 (0.36, 1.30) | 1.45 (0.91, 2.33) |
| Drinkers with no HED | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.75, 1.35) | 1.26 (0.89, 1.78) |
| HED ≤ 3 times/month | 3.07 (2.25, 4.18) | 3.57 (2.72, 4.68) | 4.34 (3.28, 5.75) |
| HED ≥ once a week | 10.46 (6.97, 15.70) | 11.77 (8.76, 15.81) | 13.71 (10.10, 18.60) |
| Model 4 | |||
| Abstainers | 0.82 (0.30, 2.26) | 0.63 (0.33, 1.20) | 1.32 (0.82, 2.11) |
| Drinkers with no HED | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.75, 1.36) | 1.19 (0.85, 1.69) |
| HED ≤ 3 times/month | 3.36 (2.47, 4.58) | 3.96 (3.02, 5.18) | 4.60 (3.48, 6.09) |
| HED ≥ once a week | 11.01 (7.34, 16.51) | 13.74 (10.24, 18.42) | 14.85 (10.96, 20.11) |
| Model 5 | |||
| Abstainers | 0.86 (0.31, 2.35) | 0.73 (0.39, 1.39) | 1.62 (1.01, 2.60) |
| Drinkers with no HED | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.79, 1.42) | 1.39 (0.99, 1.97) |
| HED ≤ 3 times/month | 3.41 (2.51, 4.65) | 4.12 (3.15, 5.40) | 5.27 (3.99, 6.97) |
| HED ≥ once a week | 11.48 (7.66, 17.22) | 14.61 (10.90, 19.59) | 17.15 (12.66, 23.22) |
| Model 6 | |||
| Abstainers | 1.18 (0.43, 3.26) | 0.88 (0.46, 1.69) | 1.72 (1.06, 2.78) |
| Drinkers with no HED | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.77, 1.38) | 1.28 (0.90, 1.81) |
| HED ≤ 3 times/month | 2.47 (1.81, 3.37) | 2.87 (2.18, 3.76) | 3.36 (2.53, 4.47) |
| HED ≥ once a week | 5.03 (3.33, 7.61) | 6.02 (4.43, 8.18) | 6.32 (4.60, 8.67) |
| Number of events (%) | |||
| Abstainers | 4 (1.0) | 11 (0.8) | 24 (1.7) |
| Drinkers with no HED | 66 (1.2) | 134 (1.3) | 64 (1.8) |
| HED ≤ 3 times/month | 112 (3.7) | 297 (4.6) | 219 (6.0) |
| HED ≥ once a week | 37 (14.5) | 145 (17.2) | 124 (20.4) |
HED = heavy episodic drinker; BMI = body mass index.
Measure of HED and SEP interaction on additive scale (after initial adjustments):
HED ≤ 3 times/month and low SEP: RERI (95% CI) = 1.70 (0.64, 2.76), P = 0.002;
HED ≥ once a week and low SEP: RERI (95% CI) 5.98 (0.54, 11.41), P = 0.031;
HED ≤ 3 times/month and intermediate SEP: RERI (95% CI) = 0.73 (−0.10, 1.55), P = 0.085; and
HED ≥ once a week and intermediate SEP: RERI (95% CI) = 2.77 (−2.04, 7.60), P = 0.259.
Model 1: adjusted for sex, country of birth, age (continuous);
model 2: adjusted for model 1 and average alcohol consumption (abstainer, light drinker, moderate drinker, heavy drinker);
model 3: adjusted for model 1 and life‐style index (smoking, snuff, BMI, physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake: 0–5‐point scale);
model 4: adjusted for model 1 and health status: health‐related quality of life (Equation 5D), mental health (GHQ12), self‐rated health;
model 5: Adjusted for model 1 and social factors: civil status and social support; and
model 6: fully adjusted.