Table 1.
Cloned genes controlling heading date in rice.
| Gene symbol | Effect | Locus ID | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OsGI | SD/LD promotion | Os01g0182600 | Encodes an orthologue of Arabidopsis GIGANTEA, a plant‐specific nuclear protein that functions in diverse physiological processes | Hayama et al. (2002) |
| OsEF3 | SD/LD promotion | Os01g0566100 | Encodes an orthologue of Arabidopsis ELF3, a putative nematode responsive protein‐like protein | Fu et al. (2009) |
| OsLFL1 | LD repression | Os01g0713600 | Encodes a putative B3 DNA‐binding domain‐containing transcription factor | Peng et al. (2008) |
| OsWOX13 | LD promotion | Os01g0818400 | Encodes a WUSCHEL homeobox transcription factor | Minh‐Thu et al. (2018) |
| OsHESO1 | Maybe repression | Os01g0846450 | Encodes a homologue of Arabidopsis thaliana HEN1 suppressor 1 | Yano et al. (2016) |
| OsMADS51 | SD promotion | Os01g0922800 | Encodes a type I MADS‐box transcription factor | Kim et al. (2007) |
| SE13 | LD promotion | Os01g0949400 | Encodes phytochromobilin synthase, an orthologue of Arabidopsis HY2, a key enzyme in phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis | Saito et al. (2011) |
| LC2 | SD promotion | Os02g0152500 | Encodes a vernalisation insensitive 3‐like protein, a possible component of the PRC2 complex mediating H3K27me3 in target genes | Wang et al. (2013) |
| OsUbDKγ4 | LD repression | Os02g0290500 | Encodes ubiquitin‐like domain kinase γ4 | Song et al. (2017) |
| RCN2 | SD/LD repression | Os02g0531600 | Encodes rice TFL1‐like proteins that form a florigen repression complex (FRC) with 14‐3‐3 and OsFD1 | Nakagawa et al. (2002), Kaneko‐Suzuki et al. (2018) |
| SDG725 | SD/LD promotion | Os02g0554000 | Encodes histone H3 lysine 36‐specific methyltransferase | Sui et al. (2013) |
| OsCOL4 | SD/LD repression | Os02g0610500 | Encodes a member of the rice CONSTANS‐like (COL) family protein | Lee et al. (2010) |
| DTH2 | LD promotion | Os02g0724000 | Encodes a CONSTANS‐like protein that probably acts independently of Hd1 and Ehd1 | Wu et al. (2013) |
| HDR1 | LD repression | Os02g0793900 | Encodes a homologue of the ligand of the SNF1/AMPK/SnRK1 kinase PpSKI in moss | Sun et al. (2016) |
| Ehd4 | SD/LD promotion | Os03g0112700 | Encodes an Oryza‐genus‐specific CCCH‐type zinc finger protein | Gao et al. (2013) |
| Ef‐cd | SD/LD promotion | Os03g0122500 | A long noncoding RNA transcribed from the antisense strand of the DTH3 locus, and positively regulates expression of DTH3 | Fang et al. (2019) |
| DTH3 | SD/LD promotion | Os03g0122600 | Encodes a typical MIKC‐type MADS‐box protein OsMADS50, the putative SOC1/AGL20 orthologue in rice | Lee et al. (2004), Bian et al. (2011) |
| SE14 | LD repression | Os03g0151300 | Encodes a JmjC domain‐containing protein that functions in demethylation of H3K4me3 in RFT1 | Yokoo et al. (2014) |
| OsDof12 | LD promotion | Os03g0169600 | Encodes a DNA‐binding one finger (Dof) protein | Li et al. (2009) |
| OsNF‐YC2 | LD repression | Os03g0251350 | Encodes the HAP5 subunit of the heme activator protein (HAP) complex | Kim et al. (2016) |
| SDG718 | SD promotion | Os03g0307800 | Encodes enhancer of zeste 1, a key component of the PRC2 complex | Liu et al. (2014) |
| PHYB | LD repression | Os03g0309200 | Encodes photoreceptor phytochrome B | Takano et al. (2005) |
| OsCOL10 | SD/LD repression | Os03g0711100 | Encodes a member of rice CONSTANS‐like (COL) family proteins | Tan et al. (2016) |
| PHYA | LD repression | Os03g0719800 | Encodes photoreceptor phytochrome A | Takano et al. (2005) |
| OsWDR5 | SD/LD promotion | Os03g0725400 | Encodes WD repeat‐containing protein 5 | Jiang et al. (2018) |
| PHYC | LD repression | Os03g0752100 | Encodes photoreceptor phytochrome C | Takano et al. (2005) |
| Hd6 | LD repression | Os03g0762000 | Encodes the alpha subunit of protein kinase CK2 | Takahashi et al. (2001) |
| Hd16 | LD repression | Os03g0793500 | Encodes a casein kinase‐I protein | Dai & Xue (2010), Hori et al. (2013) |
| OsSFL1 | SD promotion | Os04g0166600 | Encodes a rice homologue of yeast SAP30, a component of histone deacetylation | Geng et al. (2020) |
| SDG708 | SD/LD promotion | Os04g0429100 | Encodes SET DOMAIN GROUP 708 protein, a histone H3 lysine 36‐specific methyltransferase | Liu et al. (2016) |
| OsRR1 | SD repression | Os04g0442300 | Encodes the type‐A response regulator that forms a heterodimer with Ehd1 | Cho et al. (2016) |
| OsCRY1b | SD/LD promotion | Os04g0452100 | Encodes cryptochrome, the blue/UV‐A light photoreceptor | Hirose et al. (2006) |
| RFL | promotion | Os04g0598300 | Encodes the rice homologue of transcription factor LFY | Rao et al. (2008) |
| HAF1 | SD/LD promotion | Os04g0648800 | Encodes a RING‐finger ubiquitin ligase | Yang et al. (2015) |
| OsHAPL1 | LD repression | Os05g0494100 | Encodes Heme activator protein like 1 | Zhu et al. (2017) |
| OsLF | SD/LD repression | Os05g0541400 | Encodes an atypical HLH protein | Zhao et al. (2011) |
| Hd17 | SD/LD promotion | Os06g0142600 | Encodes a homologue of Arabidopsis ELF3 protein | Matsubara et al. (2012), Saito et al. (2012) |
| RFT1 | LD promotion | Os06g0157500 | Encodes a rice florigen | Komiya et al. (2008) |
| Hd3a | SD promotion | Os06g0157700 | Encodes a florigen that is an orthologue of Arabidopsis FT | Kojima et al. (2002) |
| OsHAL3 | SD promotion | Os06g0199500 | Encodes a flavin mononucleotide‐binding protein | Sun et al. (2009) |
| Hd1 | SD promotion/LD repression | Os06g0275000 | Encodes the homologue of Arabidopsis CONSTANS | Yano et al. (2000) |
| SDG711 | LD repression | Os06g0275500 | Encodes enhancer of zeste 1, a key component of the PRC2 complex | Liu et al. (2014) |
| SE5 | SD/LD repression | Os06g0603000 | Encodes an enzyme implicated in phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis | Andrés et al. (2009) |
| OsFTIP1 | SD/LD promotion | Os06g0614000 | Encodes FT‐INTERACTING PROTEIN1 | Song et al. (2017) |
| OsNF‐YC4 | LD repression | Os06g0667100 | Encode the HAP5 subunit of the heme activator protein (HAP) complex | Kim et al. (2016) |
| OsMADS15 | promotion | Os07g0108900 | Encodes a MADS‐box transcription factor | Lu et al. (2012) |
| Ghd7 | LD repression | Os07g0261200 | Encodes a CCT domain protein | Xue et al. (2008) |
| OsCOL13 | SD/LD repression | Os07g0667300 | Encodes a CONSTANS‐like transcriptional activator | Sheng et al. (2016) |
| DTH7 | LD repression | Os07g0695100 | Encodes pseudoresponse regulator protein OsPRR37 | Koo et al. (2013), Yan et al. (2013), Gao et al. (2014) |
| Ehd3 | LD promotion | Os08g0105000 | Encodes a plant homeodomain finger‐containing protein | Matsubara et al. (2011) |
| Hd18 | SD/LD promotion | Os08g0143400 | Encodes a histone acetylase related to Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS D | Shibaya et al. (2016) |
| DTH8 | SD promotion/LD repression | Os08g0174500 | Encodes the AP3 subunit of heme activator protein (HAP) complex | Wei et al. (2010), Yan et al. (2011) |
| SDG701 | SD/LD promotion | Os08g0180100 | Encodes the SET domain group protein | Liu et al. (2017) |
| GF14c | promotion | Os08g0430500 | Encodes a G‐box factor homologue of 14‐3‐3 | Taoka et al. (2011) |
| OsK4 | LD repression | Os08g0484600 | Encodes snf1‐related kinase interactor 2 that interacts with HDR1 and phosphorylates Hd1 | Sun et al. (2016) |
| OsNF‐YC6 | SD/LD repression | Os08g0496500 | Encodes a HAP5 subunit of the heme activator protein (HAP) complex | H. Zhang et al. (2019) |
| OsCOL15 | SD/LD repression | Os08g0536300 | Encodes a rice CONSTANS‐like protein | Wu et al. (2018) |
| SDG723 | LD promotion | Os09g0134500 | Encodes a trithorax group chromatin‐remodelling factor, an homologue of Arabidopsis Trithorax protein1 (ATX1) | Choi et al. (2014) |
| OsCO3 | SD repression | Os09g0240200 | Encodes a CONSTANS‐LIKE protein | Kim et al. (2008) |
| OsEMF2b | SD/LD promotion | Os09g0306800 | Encodes a polycomb‐group (PcG) protein, a homologue of Arabidopsis EMF2 | Yang et al. (2013), Xie et al. (2015) |
| SDG724 | SD/LD promotion | Os09g0307800 | Encodes histone methyltransferase | Sun et al. (2012) |
| OsMADS8 | SD/LD promotion | Os09g0507200 | Encodes a MADS‐box transcription factor | Kang et al. (1997) |
| OsFD1 | promotion | Os09g0540800 | Encoding a bZIP transcription factor | Taoka et al. (2011), Tsuji et al. (2013) |
| Ehd2 | SD/LD promotion | Os10g0419200 | Encodes the Cys2/His2‐type zinc finger transcription factor, an orthologue of maize INDETERMINATE1 | Matsubara et al. (2008), Wu et al. (2008) |
| Ehd1 | SD/LD promotion | Os10g0463400 | Encodes a B‐type response regulator | Doi et al. (2004) |
| OsMADS56 | LD repression | Os10g0536100 | Encodes a MADS‐box protein | Ryu et al. (2009) |
| RCN1 | SD/LD repression | Os11g0152500 | Encodes FL1‐like proteins that form a florigen repression complex (FRC) with 14‐3‐3 and OsFD1 | Nakagawa et al. (2002), Kaneko‐Suzuki et al. (2018) |
| Unnamed gene | Maybe repression | Os11g0187200 | Encodes a GATA zinc finger‐type transcription factor that was identified in a GWAS study | Yano et al. (2016) |
| OsFKF1 | SD/LD promotion | Os11g0547000 | Encodes a homologue of FLAVIN‐BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F‐BOX 1 (FKF1) | Han et al. (2015) |
| DHD1 | SD/LD repression | Os11g0706200 | Encodes a GRAS family protein | H. Zhang et al. (2019) |
| OsVIL2 | SD/LD promotion | Os12g0533500 | Encodes a vernalisation insensitive 2‐like protein, a possible component of the PRC2 complex mediating H3K27me3 in target genes | Wang et al. (2013), Yang et al. (2013) |