Figure 3.

The Association Between Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists and In-Hospital and 28-Day Mortality from COVID-19. Data are shown for hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 (top panel) and with confirmed plus suspected COVID-19 (e.g., no confirmatory testing available, bottom panel). Forest plots show the odds ratios (OR) for in-hospital mortality based on prior use of any α₁-AR antagonists (i.e., tamsulosin, silodosin, prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, or alfuzosin; dark green) or only doxazosin (light green) in each panel. Unadjusted (square), adjusted model (triangle), and matched model (circle) analyses are shown for each sample group. Filled symbols reflect the odds of death within 28 days from index hospital admission (including deaths after discharge), whereas empty symbols reflect odds of death during the index admission. Relative risk reduction (RRR), odds ratios (ORs) for death, 95% confidence intervals (CI), p-values, and sample size (n) for each analysis are shown on the right.