Table 1.
Patient and sample characteristics at time of admission.
| Control (n = 19,316) | Any 1α-AR antagonist(n = 5,600) | Overall (n = 25,130) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| Mean (SD) | 67.4 (9.02) | 70.4 (7.83) | 68.1 (8.85) |
| Median (Min, Max) | 69.0 (45.0, 85.0) | 72.0 (45.0, 85.0) | 70.0 (45.0, 85.0) |
| Comorbidities in the prior year | |||
| Hypertension: n (%) | 15,603 (79.9%) | 4,955 (88.5%) | 20,558 (81.8%) |
| CAD: n (%) | 776 (4.0%) | 283 (5.1%) | 1,059 (4.2%) |
| CHF: n (%) | 5,611 (28.7%) | 1,866 (33.3%) | 7,477 (29.7%) |
| COPD: n (%) | 6,495 (33.2%) | 2,284 (40.8%) | 8,779 (34.9%) |
| Diabetes: n (%) | 9,695 (49.6%) | 3,076 (54.9%) | 12,771 (50.8%) |
| MI: n (%) | 1,347 (6.9%) | 448 (8.0%) | 1,795 (7.1%) |
| BPH: n (%) | 4,989 (25.5%) | 4,412 (78.8%) | 9,401 (37.4%) |
| PTSD: n (%) | 4,199 (21.5%) | 1,661 (29.7%) | 5,860 (23.3%) |
| ESRD: n (%) | 5,902 (30.4%) | 2,063 (37.1%) | 7,965 (31.9%) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index: mean (SD) | 4.00 (3.45) | 4.87 (3.53) | 4.47 (3.48) |
| SpO2 <94%: n (%) | 5,770 (29.5%) | 1,706 (30.5%) | 7,476 (29.7%) |
| VA Hospital | |||
| 508 (Atlanta, GA) | 390 (2.0%) | 113 (2.0%) | 503 (2.0%) |
| 528 (VA Upstate New York, NY) | 346 (1.8%) | 100 (1.8%) | 446 (1.8%) |
| 541 (Cleveland, OH) | 335 (1.7%) | 91 (1.6%) | 426 (1.7%) |
| 549 (Dallas, TX) | 393 (2.0%) | 136 (2.4%) | 527 (2.1%) |
| 573 (Gainesville, FL) | 384 (2.0%) | 134 (2.4%) | 518 (2.1%) |
| 580 (Houston, TX) | 525 (2.7%) | 175 (3.1%) | 700 (2.8%) |
| 589 (Kansas City, MO) | 421 (2.2%) | 171 (3.1%) | 592 (2.3%) |
| 614 (Memphis, TN) | 827 (4.2%) | 264 (4.7%) | 1,092 (4.3%) |
| 626 (Nashville, TN) | 471 (2.4%) | 131 (2.4%) | 602 (2.4%) |
| 630 (VA New York Harbor, NY) | 458 (2.3%) | 104 (1.9%) | 562 (2.2%) |
| 636 (Omaha, NE) | 286 (1.4%) | 88 (1.6%) | 374 (1.5%) |
| 644 (Phoenix, AZ) | 413 (2.1%) | 105 (1.9%) | 518 (2.1%) |
| 657 (St Louis, MO) | 388 (2.0%) | 94 (1.7%) | 482 (1.9%) |
| 671 (San Antonio, TX) | 509 (2.6%) | 119 (2.1%) | 628 (2.5%) |
| 673 (Tampa, FL) | 413 (2.1%) | 117 (2.1%) | 530 (2.1%) |
| Other VA hospitals | 12,973 (66.4%) | 3,657 (65.2%) | 16,630 (66.1%) |
CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI, acute myocardial infarction; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; ESRD, end-stage renal disease. SpO2 < 94% refers to an oxygen saturation reading below 94% on admission. PTSD was excluded from the adjusted analysis due to collinearity with other comorbidities. Listed VA hospitals had the most COVID-19 inpatient hospitalizations during the study period.