Table 3.

Critical control points (CCPs) of the new biodiesel process (CCP numbers are stated in the flow chart in Figure 1)

CCP no	Critical control point	Critical limits*	Corrective actions
1	Delivery of ABP tallow	Solids < 0.15% w/w	If solids are higher than 0.15% w/w, the tallow is reprocessed
2	Temperature during conversion	T ≥ 200°C	If temperature is below 200°C, automatic stand‐by of process and reprocessing
3	Pressure during conversion	p ≥ 70 bar	If pressure is below 70 bar, automatic stand‐by of process and reprocessing
4	Retention time	t ≥ 15 min, by flow rate	Any failure would increase the retention time
5	Vacuum in distillation column	p ≤ 10 mbar	If pressure is higher than 10 mbar, automatic stand‐by of process and reprocessing
6	Temperature for distillation	T ≥ 150°C	If temperature is below 150°C, automatic stand‐by of process and reprocessing
7	Remaining fat content	Triglycerides < 0.05% w/w**	If triglycerides are higher than 0.05% w/w, reprocess
8	Solids	< 24 mg/kg	If solids are higher than 24 mg/kg, reprocess

^*The parameters ‘T’, ‘p’, ‘t’ have been modified from the original version including the equal symbol (=), for consistency with the provided flow chart presented in Figure 1. The headings have been rephrased in order to align them with the HACCP concepts.

^**Remaining fat components are measured as triglycerides according to EN 14105 and should be below 0.05% w/w. However, much lower values are expected, but cannot be measured accordingly due to the poor reproducibility of the analytical method at these low concentrations, as stated in EN ISO 4259.12