Table 1.

Summary of studies reporting on incidence of gallstone formation and on gallbladder emptying following the consumption of total diet replacements for weight control (TDRs), supportive evidence shaded in grey

Publication	Duration (weeks)	N	kcal/d	Fat g/d	Fat g/meal	Gallstones incidence %	Gallbladder emptying
Studies on gallstone formation
Broomfield et al. (1988)	3	19	520	1		26	n/a
Liddle et al. (1989)	8	51	520	1		26	n/a
Yang et al. (1992)	16	248	520	1		11	n/a
Gebhard et al. (1996)	12	6	520	< 2		67	n/a
Shiffman et al. (1995)	16	202	520	1–3		28	n/a
Festi et al. (1998)	12	11	535	3		55	n/a
Johansson et al. (2014)	6–10	3,320	500	8		1.5a	n/a
Festi et al. (1998)	12	11	577	12.2		0	n/a
Vezina et al. (1998)	13	94	900	16		17	n/a
Vezina et al. (1998)	13	178	900	30		11.2	n/a
Gebhard et al. (1996)	12	7	900	30		0	n/a
Studies on gallbladder emptying
Stone et al. (1992)	n/a	14			0	n/a	Below maximal
Gebhard et al. (1996)	n/a	6			< 1	n/a	Below maximal
Stone et al. (1992)	n/a	14			4	n/a	Below maximal
Stone et al. (1992)	n/a	14			10	n/a	Maximal
Gebhard et al. (1996)	n/a	7			10	n/a	Maximal
Stone et al. (1992	n/a	14			20	n/a	Maximal

d: day; g: gram; n: number of subjects in the study population; n/a: not applicable.

^aGallstones requiring hospital care.