Figure 2.

Wear particles induce autophagy of macrophages. (a) RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with GFP‐LC3 for 24 h and then treated with Ti for 48 h to observe the punctuate GFP‐LC3 distribution by fluorescence microscopy. (b) The mRNA expression of Atg5, Beclin1, Atg7, and Atg12 in RAW 264.7 cells with or without treatment with Ti wear particles. (c) The expression of LC‐3 was detected by western blotting in RAW 264.7 cells with or without treatment with Ti wear particles. Data represent mean ± SEM; n = 5 (*p < .05). mRNA, messenger RNA