TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of people with T2D and eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (aged ≥30 years) for burden of illness analyses
| Outcome | CVD/CKD related death | Doubling of serum creatinine | Dialysis | Kidney transplantation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | |
| Number, n | 32 407 | 98 680 | 22 825 | 73 017 | 3499 | 11 004 | 651 | 2129 |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 78.63 ± 9.28 | 77.29 ± 8.92 | 71.35 ± 10.82 | 71.15 ± 10.32 | 68.94 ± 10.48 | 69.27 ± 10.02 | 66.12 ± 10.46 | 66.74 ± 9.93 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 80 (73‐86) | 78 (72‐84) | 72 (64‐80) | 72 (64‐79) | 70 (62‐77) | 70 (63‐77) | 66 (60‐74) | 67 (60‐74) |
| Age group, n (%) | ||||||||
| 30‐44 | 37 (0.1%) | 83 (0.1%) | 234 (1.0%) | 549 (0.8%) | 57 (1.6%) | 141 (1.3%) | 20 (3.1%) | 42 (2.0%) |
| 45‐64 | 2648 (8.2%) | 8927 (9.0%) | 5729 (25.1%) | 18 186 (24.9%) | 1072 (30.6%) | 3203 (29.1%) | 265 (40.7%) | 813 (38.2%) |
| 65‐84 | 20 146 (62.2%) | 67 950 (68.9%) | 14 347 (62.9%) | 47 382 (64.9%) | 2180 (62.3%) | 7117 (64.7%) | 347 (53.3%) | 1221 (57.4%) |
| 84+ | 9576 (29.5%) | 21 720 (22.0%) | 2515 (11.0%) | 6900 (9.4%) | 190 (5.4%) | 543 (4.9%) | 19 (2.9%) | 53 (2.5%) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female, n (%) | 14 723 (45.4%) | 45 087 (45.7%) | 11 512 (50.4%) | 36 960 (50.6%) | 1253 (35.8%) | 3929 (35.7%) | 227 (34.9%) | 769 (36.1%) |
| Income quintiles, n (%) | ||||||||
| 1 ‐ lowest | 8226 (25.4%) | 25 209 (25.5%) | 5831 (25.5%) | 18 711 (25.6%) | 973 (27.8%) | 3040 (27.6%) | 163 (25.0%) | 536 (25.2%) |
| 2 | 7413 (22.9%) | 22 692 (23.0%) | 5224 (22.9%) | 16 877 (23.1%) | 821 (23.5%) | 2612 (23.7%) | 146 (22.4%) | 495 (23.3%) |
| 3 | 6420 (19.8%) | 19 641 (19.9%) | 4560 (20.0%) | 14 485 (19.8%) | 688 (19.7%) | 2146 (19.5%) | 127 (19.5%) | 417 (19.6%) |
| 4 | 5552 (17.1%) | 16 823 (17.0%) | 3922 (17.2%) | 12 533 (17.2%) | 531 (15.2%) | 1695 (15.4%) | 127 (19.5%) | 400 (18.8%) |
| 5 ‐ highest | 4796 (14.8%) | 14 315 (14.5%) | 3288 (14.4%) | 10 411 (14.3%) | 486 (13.9%) | 1511 (13.7%) | 88 (13.5%) | 281 (13.2%) |
| ICES co‐morbidity score, n (%) | ||||||||
| Missing | 14 744 (45.5%) | 51 270 (52.0%) | 7557 (33.1%) | 28 984 (39.7%) | 1060 (30.3%) | 4073 (37.0%) | 138 (21.2%) | 522 (24.5%) |
| 0 | 3805 (11.7%) | 11 472 (11.6%) | 2852 (12.5%) | 9632 (13.2%) | 336 (9.6%) | 1113 (10.1%) | 84 (12.9%) | 304 (14.3%) |
| 1‐2 | 7688 (23.7%) | 23 894 (24.2%) | 7153 (31.3%) | 23 784 (32.6%) | 1035 (29.6%) | 3499 (31.8%) | 233 (35.8%) | 828 (38.9%) |
| 3‐4 | 4909 (15.1%) | 10 240 (10.4%) | 4317 (18.9%) | 9276 (12.7%) | 827 (23.6%) | 1934 (17.6%) | 157 (24.1%) | 403 (18.9%) |
| 5+ | 1261 (3.9%) | 1804 (1.8%) | 946 (4.1%) | 1341 (1.8%) | 241 (6.9%) | 385 (3.5%) | 39 (6.0%) | 72 (3.4%) |
| ODD entry year, n (%) | ||||||||
| Prevalent in 1994 | 3066 (9.5%) | 8311 (8.4%) | 1700 (7.4%) | 4878 (6.7%) | 379 (10.8%) | 1109 (10.1%) | 45 (6.9%) | 132 (6.2%) |
| 1994‐1999 | 5485 (16.9%) | 15 270 (15.5%) | 3555 (15.6%) | 10 319 (14.1%) | 668 (19.1%) | 1857 (16.9%) | 81 (12.4%) | 233 (10.9%) |
| 2000‐2005 | 10 581 (32.7%) | 32 877 (33.3%) | 7246 (31.7%) | 23 702 (32.5%) | 1096 (31.3%) | 3557 (32.3%) | 198 (30.4%) | 673 (31.6%) |
| 2006‐2011 | 10 995 (33.9%) | 35 113 (35.6%) | 7685 (33.7%) | 25 796 (35.3%) | 1015 (29.0%) | 3401 (30.9%) | 240 (36.9%) | 814 (38.2%) |
| 2012‐2015 | 2280 (7.0%) | 7109 (7.2%) | 2639 (11.6%) | 8322 (11.4%) | 341 (9.7%) | 1080 (9.8%) | 87 (13.4%) | 277 (13.0%) |
| HbA1c | ||||||||
| HbA1c, n (%) | 24 583 (75.9%) | 78 399 (79.4%) | 18 842 (82.5%) | 59 381 (81.3%) | 2824 (80.7%) | 9098 (82.7%) | 488 (75.0%) | 1752 (82.3%) |
| HbA1c (%), mean ± SD | 6.88 ± 1.78 | 6.84 ± 1.59 | 7.03 ± 2.14 | 6.91 ± 1.46 | 6.77 ± 1.47 | 7.02 ± 1.47 | 6.83 ± 3.12 | 7.07 ± 2.69 |
| HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 6.6 (6.1‐7.3) | 6.6 (6.1‐7.2) | 6.7 (6.1‐7.5) | 6.6 (6.2‐7.3) | 6.5 (5.9‐7.2) | 6.7 (6.2‐7.5) | 6.4 (5.9‐7.2) | 6.6 (6.1‐7.4) |
| HbA1c category, n (%) | ||||||||
| Missing | 7824 (24.1%) | 20 281 (20.6%) | 3983 (17.5%) | 13 636 (18.7%) | 675 (19.3%) | 1906 (17.3%) | 163 (25.0%) | 377 (17.7%) |
| ≤ 6.5 | 12 032 (37.1%) | 37 766 (38.3%) | 8564 (37.5%) | 27 092 (37.1%) | 1530 (43.7%) | 3829 (34.8%) | 273 (41.9%) | 795 (37.3%) |
| 6.5 < HbA1c ≤ 7 | 4765 (14.7%) | 17 059 (17.3%) | 3507 (15.4%) | 12 769 (17.5%) | 455 (13.0%) | 1905 (17.3%) | 81 (12.4%) | 341 (16.0%) |
| 7 < HbA1c ≤ 8.5 | 5767 (17.8%) | 18 632 (18.9%) | 4753 (20.8%) | 14 814 (20.3%) | 592 (16.9%) | 2447 (22.2%) | 101 (15.5%) | 446 (20.9%) |
| > 8.5 | 2019 (6.2%) | 4942 (5.0%) | 2018 (8.8%) | 4706 (6.4%) | 247 (7.1%) | 917 (8.3%) | 33 (5.1%) | 170 (8.0%) |
| Serum creatinine | ||||||||
| Serum creatinine, n (%) | 28 756 (88.7%) | 86 646 (87.8%) | 21 863 (95.8%) | 65 056 (89.1%) | 3307 (94.5%) | 9803 (89.1%) | 599 (92.0%) | 1919 (90.1%) |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L), mean ± SD | 123.69 ± 97.22 | 95.26 ± 43.65 | 134.71 ± 105.08 | 89.29 ± 34.18 | 417.87 ± 304.08 | 94.38 ± 35.14 | 362.86 ± 340.05 | 98.94 ± 67.59 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 99 (80‐132) | 87 (74‐105) | 107 (83‐147) | 83 (71‐99) | 386 (144‐583) | 87 (75‐103) | 172 (95‐571) | 87 (74‐103) |
| UACR | ||||||||
| UACR, n (%) | 13 606 (42.0%) | 46 294 (46.9%) | 11 269 (49.4%) | 35 372 (48.4%) | 2084 (59.6%) | 5736 (52.1%) | 237 (36.4%) | 1071 (50.3%) |
| UACR (mg/mmol), mean ± SD | 33.10 ± 94.54 | 9.90 ± 38.98 | 60.56 ± 145.54 | 8.62 ± 33.25 | 182.29 ± 235.80 | 11.39 ± 40.81 | 67.45 ± 152.97 | 13.68 ± 52.29 |
| UACR (mg/mmol), median (IQR) | 3.7 (1.1‐16.8) | 1.9 (0.3‐4.5) | 4.2 (1.1‐27.8) | 1.5 (0.1‐3.6) | 62 (4.1‐300.3) | 1.9 (0.3‐4.7) | 10.5 (2.8‐47) | 1.8 (0.3‐4.4) |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICES, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; IQR, interquartile range; ODD, Ontario diabetes database; SD, standard deviation; T2D, type 2 diabetes; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio.
eGFR values were calculated using the Modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula: (GFR [mL/min per 1.73 m2] = 186.3 × serum creatinine [mg/dL]−1.154 × age [years]−0.203 × 0.742 [if female]).