TABLE 2.
Healthcare costs of people with T2D and eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (aged ≥ 30 years) in Ontario, Canada
| Outcome | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 1 + year 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | Case vs. control | Case | Control | Case vs control | Case vs. control | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Percentage increase | P‐value | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Percentage increase | P‐value | Difference | Percentage increase | |
| CVD/CKD related death | ||||||||||
| Physician costs ‐ GP/FM | $605 (907) | $408 (1041) | 48% | <.001 | $1399 (2961) | $379 (824) | 269% | <.001 | $1218 | 155% |
| Inpatient hospitalization costs | $6883 (21 290) | $2595 (10 704) | 165% | $32 580 (50 406) | $2434 (10 486) | 1239% | $34 433 | 685% | ||
| Long‐term care costs | $4250 (13 081) | $2267 (9532) | 87% | $6177 (15 411) | $2351 (9752) | 163% | $5808 | 126% | ||
| Dialysis clinic costs | $2046 (12 838) | $193 (4005) | 960% | $2550 (13 998) | $233 (4401) | 994% | $4170 | 979% | ||
| Public drug plan costs | $3404 (5827) | $2229 (3896) | 53% | <.001 | $3837 (7118) | $2244 (4270) | 71% | <.001 | $2768 | 62% |
| Outpatient clinic costs | $967 (1552) | $573 (1110) | 69% | <.001 | $2013 (2314) | $530 (1031) | 280% | <.001 | $1877 | 170% |
| Physician costs ‐ specialist | $3109 (3641) | $1860 (2128) | 67% | <.001 | $6783 (6541) | $1733 (2079) | 291% | <.001 | $6298 | 175% |
| Total costs | $27 563 (40 298) | $12 802 (22 792) | 115% | <.001 | $67 590 (66 732) | $12 524 (22 849) | 440% | <.001 | $69 827 | 276% |
| Doubling of serum creatinine | ||||||||||
| Physician costs ‐ GP/FM | $819 (2767) | $385 (708) | 113% | <.001 | $614 (1037) | $361 (729) | 70% | <.001 | $688 | 92% |
| Inpatient hospitalization costs | $16 217 (39 679) | $2293 (11 896) | 607% | $7478 (26 214) | $2161 (10 277) | 246% | $19 242 | 432% | ||
| Long‐term care costs | $2634 (10 406) | $1255 (7153) | 110% | $3366 (11 822) | $1296 (7325) | 160% | $3449 | 135% | ||
| Dialysis clinic costs | $3390 (15 409) | $87 (2617) | 3797% | $4739 (19 189) | $88 (2634) | 5285% | $7955 | 4545% | ||
| Public drug plan costs | $3583 (8601) | $1984 (3672) | 81% | <.001 | $3804 (8241) | $2026 (4049) | 88% | <.001 | $3377 | 84% |
| Outpatient clinic costs | $1694 (1964) | $577 (1115) | 194% | <.001 | $1173 (1683) | $522 (1032) | 125% | <.001 | $1768 | 161% |
| Physician costs ‐ specialist | $5155 (5210) | $1822 (2135) | 183% | <.001 | $3639 (4246) | $1690 (2052) | 115% | <.001 | $5282 | 150% |
| Total costs | $42 027 (58 302) | $10 683 (21 547) | 293% | <.001 | $31 200 (47 588) | $10 284 (20 479) | 203% | <.001 | $52 260 | 249% |
| Dialysis | ||||||||||
| Physician costs ‐ GP/FM | $853 (1176) | $412 (805) | 107% | <.001 | $585 (1180) | $402 (3360) | 46% | <.001 | $624 | 77% |
| Inpatient hospitalization costs | $41 702 (76 295) | $3109 (12 139) | 1241% | $11 844 (36 719) | $2710 (11 741) | 337% | $47 727 | 820% | ||
| Long‐term care costs | $960 (6009) | $1025 (6505) | −6% | $1602 (8428) | $1055 (6564) | 52% | $482 | 23% | ||
| Dialysis clinic costs | $32 834 (38 809) | $8 (390) | 410 325% | $32 246 (41 878) | $43 (1571) | 74 891% | $65 029 | 127 508% | ||
| Public drug plan costs | $3212 (14 631) | $2103 (4201) | 53% | <.001 | $3700 (12 483) | $2116 (4533) | 75% | <.001 | $2692 | 64% |
| Outpatient clinic costs | $2220 (2204) | $663 (1228) | 235% | <.001 | $1475 (1899) | $581 (1114) | 154% | <.001 | $2451 | 197% |
| Physician costs ‐ specialist | $12 353 (7292) | $1997 (2477) | 519% | <.001 | $7792 (6201) | $1810 (2323) | 330% | <.001 | $16 338 | 429% |
| Total costs | $106 637 (95 149) | $12 051 (23 717) | 785% | <.001 | $67 223 (70 818) | $11 182 (23 029) | 501% | <.001 | $150 627 | 648% |
| Kidney transplantation | ||||||||||
| Physician costs ‐ GP/FM | $434 (559) | $433 (1034) | 0% | 0.9855 | $369 (580) | $393 (862) | −6% | 0.3977 | −$24 | −3% |
| Inpatient hospitalization costs | $25 604 (28 158) | $4225 (23 567) | 506% | $4550 (14 337) | $3043 (12 471) | 50% | $22 885 | 315% | ||
| Long‐term care costs | $182 (2526) | $1004 (6512) | −82% | $295 (3479) | $1045 (6872) | −72% | −$1573 | −77% | ||
| Dialysis clinic costs | $3553 (15 976) | $722 (7724) | 392% | $3168 (15 759) | $731 (7918) | 333% | $5269 | 363% | ||
| Public drug plan costs | $7362 (17 696) | $2236 (5082) | 229% | <.001 | $5134 (7000) | $2050 (4455) | 150% | <.001 | $8210 | 192% |
| Outpatient clinic costs | $3967 (3059) | $756 (1419) | 425% | <.001 | $1850 (1823) | $667 (1298) | 177% | <.001 | $4393 | 309% |
| Physician costs ‐ specialist | $9371 (5305) | $2282 (3071) | 311% | <.001 | $3618 (3687) | $1945 (2502) | 86% | <.001 | $8762 | 207% |
| Total costs | $55 381 (48 244) | $14 442 (34 031) | 283% | <.001 | $22 167 (30 184) | $12 442 (26 886) | 78% | <.001 | $50 664 | 188% |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GP/FM, general practitioner/family medicine; SD, standard deviation; T2D, type 2 diabetes.