FIGURE 1.

Wired and wireless phytobiome communication. Clonal plants (right) communicate via physical connections (e.g. stolons and rhizomes) or VOCs. Plants also communicate via dodder and mycorrhiza (left). Receiver plants can act as nodes to transfer defence signals against pests and pathogens to neighbouring conspecific and heterospecific plants. Volatiles and root exudates received by neighbouring plants modulate receiver plant defence systems, attract parasitoids and entemopathogens and induce plant microbiome remodelling to protect plants against imminent stress conditions [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]