Table 1.
Differences in ratings of absolute product harmfulness and health risks of smoking between tobacco use groups (N = 792).
| Items | Nonusers (N = 596) M (SD) |
Single Product (N = 113) M (SD) |
Dual Users (N = 49) M (SD) |
Poly Users (N = 34) M (SD) |
F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute harmfulness | ||||||
| Cigarettes | 8.71 (2.20) | 8.50 (1.97) | 8.31 (1.97) | 8.62 (2.53) | 0.86 | 0.464 |
| SLT | 8.18 (2.47) | 7.91 (2.23) | 7.41 (2.24) | 6.94 (2.79) | 2.43 | 0.064 |
| Hookah | 6.37 (3.03)a | 5.25 (2.90)b | 4.88 (2.55)b | 5.73 (2.60) | 6.91 | < 0.001 |
| E-cigarettes | 6.15 (3.04)a | 5.16 (2.88)b | 4.34 (2.19)b | 4.24 (2.55)b | 7.78 | < 0.001 |
| Snus | 7.32 (2.77) | 6.64 (2.65) | 6.35 (2.61) | 6.67 (2.65) | 2.30 | 0.076 |
| Health risk of smoking | ||||||
| Lung Cancer - Smokers | 54.66 (26.43) | 48.65 (26.34) | 47.45 (26.74) | 48.50 (31.64) | 1.93 | 0.124 |
| Lung Cancer - NS | 25.78 (23.18) | 22.59 (19.92) | 17.73 (19.33) | 22.32 (21.49) | 1.26 | 0.287 |
| Heart Problems - Smokers | 55.39 (27.02) | 47.75 (25.51) | 49.71 (26.31) | 49.94 (31.58) | 2.51 | 0.058 |
| Heart Problems - NS | 35.94 (23.46) | 34.80 (22.75) | 30.57 (19.94) | 29.09 (18.82) | 0.83 | 0.478 |
Note. NS = Non-smoker; SLT = Smokeless tobacco. Significant pairwise comparisons are depicted by non-matching superscript letters. Harmfulness scale = 0 (not at all harmful) to 10 (extremely harmful). Health risk = 0 (no individuals) to 100 (100 individuals). Analyses controlled for gender, age, and ethnicity.