Table 4.

Thermoregulatory responses in thermal neutral conditions.

Study	Sample	Climate	Intervention/Exposure	Duration	Thermal measurement	Methodological characteristics	Outcome
Part 1
Au et al. (2019)	5 M, PA (T4-T11) 7 M, TP (C4-C7) 5 M, AB	25°C 50% rh	30′ arm cranking exercise @ 50% VO2peak	10′ rest 2x 15′ 2′ rest between bouts	Teso Tint Tsk	nRnCT cohort study	Teso/Tint in TP → , PA ↑ Teso/Tint no Δ between PA and AB Tsk upper limb → Tsk lower limb →
Fitzgerald et al. (1990)	5 F, PA 5 F, AB	24–25°C 38–52% rh	90′ WC ergometry 50–55% VO2peak	30′ rest 90′ exercice	Tor Tsk	nRnCT cohort study	Δ Tor ↑ in PA Δ Tsk ↑ in PA
Gass et al. (1988)	6 M, PA (T10-T12)	22°C	45′ WC treadmill with at 60-65% VO2max difference between Teso and Tre	10′ rest 45′ exercise 10′ rest	Teso Tre	nRnCT cohort study	Faster rise and higher Teso vs. Tre
Griggs et al. (2015a)	8 TP (C4-C7) 8 PA (T4-S1)	20.6 ± 0.1°C 39.6 ± 0.8% rh	55.5′ ISP 4 exercise blocks à 6 times (15′′ forward/ backward pushing, 15′′ sprint, 90′′ active recovery) 4.5′ in between passive recovery	10′ WU55.5′ ISP15′ rest	Tc Tsk ThS Fluid loss Performance	nRnCT cohort study	Tc ↑ in TP than PA ΔTc ↑ in TP than PA Tc remained elevated in TP at rest ΔTsk ↑ in TP; TP ↑, PA ↓ ThS → Fluid loss → Performance →
Griggs et al. (2017b)	10 TP (C5-C7) 7 Non-SCI	18.4–20.9°C 31.1–45.1% rh	WC rugby game	4x 8′ effective	Tc Tsk ThS Fluid loss	nRnCT cohort study	ΔTc ↑ TP ΔTsk ↑ TP ThS → Fluid loss ↑ TP
Iturricastillo et al. (2016)	6 SCI (C5-L3) 6 Non-SCI	NA (in sports hall)	16′ small sided games	4x 4′ separated by 2′ rest	Ty	nRnCT cohort study	Ty→
Price and Campbell (1999a)	7 PA (T3-L1)	21.5 ± 1.3°C 54.2 ± 6.3% rh	60′ arm cranking and WC ergometer at 60% VO2peak	15′ rest 60′ exercise 30′ rest	Tau Tsk Fluid loss	RCT cross-over	ΔTau → between arm cranking and wheelchair ergometer Tsk upper arm ↑ in arm cranking Fluid loss →
Price and Campbell (1999b)	9 PA (T3-L1) 1 TP (C6) 11 AB	21.5 ± 1.7°C 49.0 ± 6.3% rh	60 ′ arm cranking at 60% VO2peak	15′ rest 5′ WU 60′ exercise 30′ recovery	Tau Tsk Fluid loss	nRCT cohort study	ΔTau → AB and PA ΔTau ↑ in TP Tau ↑ during recovery in TP ΔTsk upper body → in all groups ΔTsk tight ↑ in AB Tsk calf ↓ in AB Fluid loss ↓ in TP
Price and Campbell (1997)	10 PA (T3-L4) 9 AB	21.5 ± 1.7°C 47 ± 7.8% rh	90′ arm cranking at 80% peak HR	15′ rest 5′ WU 90′ exercise 20′ rest	Tau Tsk Fluid loss	nRCT cohort study	ΔTau → AB and PA Tsk upper body ↑ PA, ↓ AB Tsk calf ↑PA ↓AB Fluid loss →
Pritchett et al. (2015)	7 PA 8 AB	21 ± 1°C 55-65 ± 0.1% rh	Incremental stage test 7′/stage; start 35 W, increment 35 W, till Tes rose more 0.2°C/min or 90 W	7′ each stage 1′ in-between passive recovery Mean test duration 27′ 30′′	Teso Tre Sweat gland density Sweat rate	nRnCT cohort study	Active sweat gland density ↑ in AB vs. PA Sweat rate per gland → Teso → Tre→
Pritchett et al. (2011)	7 PA 8 AB	20 ± 1°C 45-65 ± 0.1% rh	Incremental stage test 7′/stage; start 35 W, increment 35 W, till Tes rose more 0.2°C/min or 90 W	7′ each stage 1′ in-between passive recovery	Teso Tre Tsk	nRnCT cohort study	ΔTeso → AB and PA ΔTre → AB and PA Tsk ↑ PA
Theisen et al. (2000)	6 M, PA, (T5-T9) 6 M, PA, (T10-T12), 6 AB	22.6 ± 1.7°C 45-65 ± 2.9% rh	Incremental stage test: 3′/stage; start 15 W, increment 20 W, till exhaustion	30‘rest 3‘stages	Teso Tsk	nRCT	ΔTeso ↑ PA, at higher intensities only in PA (T10-T12) Tsk leg → in PA Tsk leg ↓ in AB

M, male; F, female; AB, able-bodied; PA, paraplegia; TP, tetraplegia; SCI, spinal cord injured; C, cervical; T, thoracic; L, lumbar; WC, wheelchair; °C, degree Celsius; rh, relative humidity; WU, warm-up; T_re, rectal temperature; T_eso, esophageal temperature; T_sk, skin temperature; T_int, intestinal temperature; T_y, tympanic temperature; T_au, aural temperature; ThS, thermal sensation; RCT, randomized controlled trial; nRnCT, non-randomized non-controlled trial; W, watt; P_max, maximal power output; HR, heart rate; ↑ = higher; → = indifferent; ↓ = lower; Δ = difference; ISP, intermittent sprint protocol.