Table 5.
Thermoregulatory responses in hot conditions.
| Study | Sample | Climate | Intervention/Exposure | Duration | Thermal measurement | Methodological characteristics | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boot et al. (2006) | 4 M, PA, (T1-T6) 6 M, PA, (T7-T12) 10 M, AB |
10°C 65% rh 35°C 70% |
45′ arm cranking @ 40% Ppeak in two different climates | 20′ sitting in climate chamber 45′ exercise |
Tre
Tsk Fluid loss |
nRnCT cohort study | ΔTre ↑ PA in 35° ΔTsk lower body ↑ in PA (T1-T6) in 35° ΔTsk no differences Fluid loss ↑ in AB |
| Dawson et al. (1994) | 5 M, PA (T12-L1) 5 M, AB |
37.4 ± 0.3°C 33.0 ± 1.9% rh 15.0 ± 0.2°C 56.9 ± 2.1% rh |
60′ arm cranking @ 55-60% VO2max | 5′ in climate chamber 60′ exercise |
Tre
Tsk Fluid loss |
nRnCT cohort study | ΔTre no differences in both conditions ΔTsk mean ↑ in AB in heat Fluid loss → ; slightly higher in AB |
| Forsyth et al. (2019) | 9 TP 7 PA, (T1-T5) 8 PA, (T6-L1) 8 AB |
35°C 50% rh |
30′ arm cranking @ fixed heat production 4.0 W/kg TP/AB 6.0 W/kg PA/AB | 30′ rest (25°) 30′ exercise 3-min rest every 10th minute |
Teso
Tsk sweat rate |
nRnCT cohort study | ΔTeso ↑ in TP than AB ΔTeso ↑ in PA than AB ΔTsk chest/shoulder ↑ in TP than AB ΔTsk lower body ↑ in TP than AB ΔTsk calf ↑ in PA than AB sweat rate → in AB and PA no sweat rate in TP |
| Hopman et al. (1993) | 13 PA (T2-T12) | 35°C ± 0.5°C 70 ± 5% rh |
45′ arm cranking @ 40% Ppeak | 45′ exercise | Tre
Fluid loss |
nRnCT cohort study | ΔTre → Fluid loss ↑ in PA |
| Petrofsky (1992) | 6 M, PA (T3-T12) 6 M, TP (C6-C8) 4 AB |
30/35/40°C | 30′ arm cranking @ 50 W or cycle ergometry under computer control @ 50 W | 30′ rest 30′ arm cranking or cycling |
Tau
Sweat rate |
RCT cross-over | ↑ Tau in SCI than AB for both exercise in 35 and 40°C ↑ Sweat rate in AB than SCI for both exercises in all conditions |
| Price and Campbell (2003) | 8 TP (C5-C8) 10 PA, (T1-T6) 10 PA, (T7+below) |
31.5 ± 1.7°C 42.9 ± 8.0% rh |
60′ WC ergometry @ 60% VO2peak | 15′ rest in normal condition 10′ rest in hot condition 5′ WU 60′ exercise in heat 30′ rest |
Tau
Tsk Fluid loss |
nRnCT cohort study | Tau ↑ in TP end of exercise Tau no difference between the two PA groups Tau remained elevated Tsk back ↑ in TP Tsk → between the two PA groups Fluid loss ↑ |
M, male; AB, able-bodied; PA, paraplegia; TP, tetraplegia; SCI, spinal cord injury; C, cervical; T, thoracic; L, lumbar; WC, wheelchair; rh, relative humidity; °C, degree Celsius; WU, warm-up; Tre, rectal temperature; Teso, esophageal temperature; Tsk, skin temperature; Tint, intestinal temperature; Ty, tympanic temperature; Tau, aural temperature; RCT, randomized controlled trial; nRnCT, non-randomized non-controlled trial; W, watt; HR, heart rate; Ppeak, peak power output; ↑ = higher; → = indifferent; ↓ = lower.