Table 1.
Main characteristics of the included studies
| Author (yr) | Location | Per os PPI | Mean age (yr) | Male % of total | Forrest classification | Incidence of 30-d rebleeding (% of total) | 30-d mortality (% of total) | ||
| IV PPI | IA/IB | IIA/IIB/IIC | III | ||||||
| Bajaj et al. (25) (2007) | Wisconsin, USA | 12 | 63 | 14% | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2/25 (8) | 0 (0) |
| 13 | 4 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
| Chen et al. (26) (2015) | Taiwan, Taipeia | 156 | No data | No data | 156b | 0 | 18/323 (5.5) | 3/323 (0.9) | |
| 167 | 167 | 0 | |||||||
| Focareta et al. (27) (2004) | Rotondo, Italy | 45 | No data | No data | 30 | 57c | 0 | No data | No data |
| 42 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jang et al. (28) (2006) | Seoul, Korea | 19 | 59.3 | 76.3% | 6 | 13 | 0 | 3/38 (7.8) | 1/38 (2.6) |
| 19 | 4 | 15 | 0 | ||||||
| Javid et al. (29) (2009) | Kashmir, India | 45 | 35.6 | No data | 19 | 26 | 0 | No data | No data |
| 45 | 18 | 27 | 0 | ||||||
| Kim et al. (30) (2012) | Korea | 54 | No data | 80.1% | 21 | 33 | 0 | 4/106 (3.7) | No data |
| 52 | 18 | 34 | 0 | ||||||
| Mostaghni et al. (31) (2011) | Shiraz, Iran | 44 | 59.4 | 74.1% | 14 | 30 | 0 | 9/85 (10.5) | 2/85 (2.3) |
| 41 | 12 | 29 | 0 | ||||||
| Sung et al. (32) (2014) | Hong Kong, China | 126 | 64 | 74% | 55 | 71 | 0 | 17/244 (6.9) | No data |
| 118 | 51 | 67 | 0 | ||||||
| Theyventhiran et al. (33) (2013) | United States | 52 | No data | No data | 108c | 0 | 0 | No data | 0/108 |
| 56 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Tsai et al. (34) (2009) | Taipei, Taiwan | 78 | 68.7 | 72.4% | 33 | 44 | 0 | 25/156 (16)d | 3/156 (1.9) |
| 78 | 31 | 47 | 0 | ||||||
| Valizadeh Toosi et al. (35) (2018) | Sari, Iran | 90 | No data | 63% | 90b | 0 | 7/178 (3.9) | 4/178 (2.2) | |
| 88 | 88 | 0 | |||||||
| Yen et al. (36) (2012) | Taipei, Taiwan | 50 | 63.9 | 71% | 22 | 28 | 0 | No data | 0/100 (0) |
| 50 | 21 | 29 | 0 | ||||||
| Yilmaz et al. (37) (2006) | Diyarbakir, Turkey | 99 | 52.7 | 68.7% | 0 | 37 | 62 | 12/211 (5.6) | 5/211 (2.4) |
| 112 | 0 | 30 | 82 | ||||||
| Karim et al. (9) (2020) | Pakistan | 104 | 56.3 | 60.5% | 40 | 65 | 0 | 11/200 (5.5) | 14/200 (7) |
| 96 | 35 | 80 | 0 | ||||||
IV, intravenous; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
Chen et al. (2015) was a multicenter, while Kim et al. (2012) was a 2-center study; all the other randomized controlled trials included were single-center.
In the Chen et al. (2015) and Valizadeh et al. (2018) studies, there were no details with regards the specific Forrest classification of the bleeding ulcers, and only a wider interval was given.
In the Focareta et al. (2004) and Theyventhiran et al. (2013) studies, it was not specified nor the number of patients who received the IV treatment, neither the po treatment.
In Tsai et al. (2009) study, the explanation for the higher rebleeding rate is the use of epinephrine injection as single and primary method of hemostasis.